- Memorial Plaque
-
First World War memorial plaque
- For other plaques see Commemorative plaque
The Memorial Plaque was issued after the First World War to the next-of-kin of all British and Empire service personnel who were killed as a result of the war.
The plaques were made of bronze, and hence popularly known as the "Dead Man’s Penny", because of the similarity in appearance to the somewhat smaller penny coin. 1,355,000 plaques were issued, which used a total of 450 tonnes of bronze,[1] and continued to be issued into the 1930s to commemorate people who died as a consequence of the war.[2]
Contents
Description
It was decided that the design of the plaque, about 5 inches (120 mm) in diameter and cast in bronze, was to be picked from submissions made in a public competition. Over 800 designs were submitted[1] and the competition was won by the sculptor and medallist Edward Carter Preston with his design called Pyramus, receiving a first place prize of £250.
This token includes an image of Britannia holding a trident and standing with a lion. The designer's initials, E.CR.P., appear above the front paw. In her left outstretched left hand Britannia holds an oak wreath above the rectangular tablet bearing the deceased's name cast in raised letters. The name does not include the rank since there was to be no distinction between sacrifices made by different individuals.[1] Two dolphins swim around Britannia, symbolizing Britain's sea power, and at the bottom a second lion is tearing apart the German eagle.
Around the picture the legend reads (in capitals) "He died for freedom and honour", or for the six hundred plaques issued to commemorate women, "She died for freedom and honour".[1]
They were initially made at the Memorial Plaque Factory, 54/56 Church Road, Acton, W3, London[2] from 1919. Early plaques did not have a number stamped on them but later ones have a number stamped behind the lion's back leg.[2]
In December 1920 manufacture was shifted to the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. Plaques manufactured here can be identified by a circle containing the initials 'WA' on the back[1] and by a number stamped between the tail and leg (in place of the number stamped behind the lions back leg).[2]
The design was altered slightly during manufacture at Woolwich by Carter Preston since there was insufficient space in the original design between the lion's back paw and the H in "HE" to allow an "S" to be inserted to read "SHE" for the female plaques. The modification was to make the H slightly narrower to allow the S to be inserted. After around 1500 female plaques had been manufactured the moulds were modified to produce the male version by removing the S.[2]
The plaques were issued in a pack with a commemorative scroll from King George V; though sometimes the letter and scroll were sent first.
Non-standard plaques
Smaller or miniature unofficial bronze plaques were produced by other manufacturers, for example Wright and Sons of Edgware, Middlesex, who sold them for 13 shillings and sixpence each.[3]
Modern replicas have also been made, and occasionally offered as genuine.
References
- ^ a b c d e "Museum of the Manchester Regiment Object Focus - Dead Man's Penny". Thameside Metropolitan Borough. http://www.tameside.gov.uk/museumsgalleries/mom/objectfocus/deadmanspenny. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
- ^ a b c d e "Bronze Memorial Plaques - Notes on origins, history & identification". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. http://www.cwgc.co.uk/Plaque-history.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
- ^ "Memorial Plaque". Digger History. http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-medals/dead-penny.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
External links
- The Next-of-Kin Memorial Plaque (Imperial War Museum)
- 1914-1918 Memorial Scroll and Plaque (Australian War Memorial Museum)
- Memorial Plaque on Campaigners for War Graves Comemorations (see for manufacturers' marks and variants)
- Death Penny for George William Oliver
- Gallery of Memorial Plaques designed by world renowned Artist and Craftsman Ieuan Rees
- sources for memorial plaques
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
