Gabriela Zapolska

Infobox Writer
name = Gabriela Zapolska


imagesize = 200px
caption =
pseudonym = Gabriela Zapolska, Józef Maskoff, Walery Tomicki, Maryja, Marya, Omega, Szczerba
birthdate = birth date|1857|3|30
birthplace = Podhajce
deathdate = death date and age|1921|12|21|1857|3|30
deathplace = Lwów
occupation = novelist, publicist, playwright, prosaist
nationality = Polish
period =
genre =
movement = Naturalism
spouse = Konstanty Śnieżko-Błocki (divorced); Stanisław Janowski (divorced)
influences = Émile Zola
Paul Sérusier
André Antoine
influenced = Jan August Kisielewski [Cite web
url=http://www.ned.univie.ac.at/lic/autor.asp?paras=/lg;10/lt;18/aut_id;26664/link;10/id;26476/k;0/
title=Jan August Kisielewski Influencias ejercidas
work=LIC – Literatura en su contexto
accessdate=2007-11-20]

Maria Gabriela Stefania Korwin-Piotrowska (1857–1921), known as Gabriela Zapolska, was a Polish novelist, playwright, naturalist writer, feuilletonist, theatre critic and stage actress.

Zapolska wrote some 41 plays, 23 novels, 177 short stories, 252 journalistic works, one film script and over 1,500 letters.Cite web
last=Grossman
first=Elwira M.
title=Świat lustrzanych odbić. W 150. rocznicę urodzin Gabrieli Zapolskiej (1857-1921)
date=2007-03-30
language=Polish
work=Przegląd Polski on-line
url=http://www.dziennik.com/www/dziennik/kult/archiwum/01-06-07/pp-03-30-01.html
publisher=Bicentennial Publishing Co., Inc
accessdate=2007-11-26] She gained popularity with her socio-satirical naturalist comedies, which "Moralność pani Dulskiej" ("The Morality of Mrs. Dulska"), a 'petty-bourgeois tragic-farce', is considered by her most-known work and regarded as a landmark of early modernist Polish drama.Cite web
url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/253152.ctl
accessdate=2007-11-20
title=Zapolska, Gabriela: The Morality of Mrs. Dulska
work=The University of Chicago Press
accessdate=2007-11-26] Her other dramas were translated into other languages, played at the Polish and European stages, and adapted into radio and film. Zapolska also acted in over 200 plays on stage in Warsaw, Kraków, Poznań, Lwów, Saint Petersburg and Paris.

Life

Zapolska was born on March 30, 1857 in Podhajce, Galicia, Austria (now Pidhaitsi, Ukraine) to a gentry family during the Third Partition of Poland. Her father was a marshal of Volhynian szlachta. She studied at the Sacré Coeur Institute and in the Institute of Education and Science in Lwów.

In 1876 she was forced by her family to marry a lieutenant in the tsar's guards, Konstanty Śnieżko-Błocki, but soon left him and divorced in 1888. During the years of 1879–1880 she lived in Warsaw, where she acted in an amateur theatre ran by the Philanthropy Society. In 1881 Zapolska became pregnant by an out-of-wedlock relationship and left her family.Cite web
url=http://www.culture.pl/pl/culture/artykuly/os_zapolska_gabriela
title=Gabriela Zapolska
language=Polish
work=Polish culture
publisher=Instytut Adama Mickiewicza
month=February | year=2004
first=Halina
last=Floryńska-Lalewicz
accessdate=2007-11-20] The same year she made her own short story debut by "Jeden dzień z życia róży" ("One Day in the Life of a Rose"). The following year, in 1882, she became a professional actress in the Kraków theatre, and assumed the pseudonym of Gabriela Zapolska. She also acted in Poznań, and in travelling troupes throughout the Congress Kingdom of Poland. In October 1888 she reportedly made a suicide attempt.Cite web
url=http://univ.gda.pl/~literat/autors/zapol.htm
title=Gabriela ZAPOLSKA
work=Virtual Library of Polish Literature
first=Marek
last=Adamiec
accessdate=2007-11-20]

In 1889 Zapolska moved to Paris in hope to make an artistic career. There, she played minor roles in boulevard theatres, Théâtre Libre and Théâtre de l'Œuvre. She played in a stage adaptation of "Intérieur" ("Interior") by Maurice Maeterlinck in Théâtre Libre. In Paris, Zapolska established contacts within the artistic milieu as well as with Polish socialist emigrants, which influenced her social views.

After coming back to the country, she settled in Kraków and acted in garden theatres, travelling troupes and then in Kraków theatre directed by Tadeusz Pawlikowski. Her defiant, suffragist nature led to conflicts with theatre principals and in 1900 she abandoned the stage. After that, Zapolska set up her own stage which was active time by time. In 1902 Zapolska ran a drama school in Kraków and the Gabriela Zapolska Independent Theatre was founded later. Her experiences in Paris let her to produce two Maeterlinck stage adaptations—"Princess Maleine" and "L'Intruse" ("The Intruder"), both produced in 1902.

In 1904 she moved to Lwów and married a painter, Stanisław Janowski. She became a patron of the travelling theatre named after her (Gabriela Zapolska Theatre) which during the years of 1907–1908 toured Galicia. She divorced her second husband in 1910. In the years of 1912–1913 Zapolska was a literary director of Teatr Premier. As a feuilletonist and theatre critic she collaborated with "Gazeta Krakowska", "Słowo Polskie", "Nowa Reforma", "Ilustracja Polska" and "Wiek Nowy". In 1915, after Lwów was captured by the Russian Army, she ran a small confectionery.

Zapolska died on December 21, 1921 in Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine) and buried at the Lychakivskiy Cemetery there.

Works

Prose

Gabriela Zapolska made her own short story debut in 1881 by "Jeden dzień z życia róży". Many of her early works was published in parts in Lwów and then, in Warsaw press, mainly in "Przegląd Tygodniowy". She collected her early short stories in the volume of "Z dziejów boleści" (1890). Her novels and short stories was translated into many languages, including English, Russian, German, Swedish, Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Ukrainian.

Notable Zapolska prose works include:
* "Jeden dzień z życia róży" ("One Day in the Life of a Rose", 1881)
* "Małaszka" (1883)
* "Kaśka Kariatyda" ("Cathy the Caryatid", 1885–1886)
* "Przedpiekle" (1889)
* "Menażeria ludzka" (1893)
* "Janka" (1895)
* "Fin-de-sièclistka" ("Fin-de-siècle-ist", 1897)
* "Zaszumi las" (1899)
* "Sezonowa miłość" (1904)
* "Córka Tuśki" (1907)
* "Pani Dulska przed sądem" (1908)
* "O czym się nie mówi" (1909)
* "Śmierć Felicjana Dulskiego" ("Death of Felicjan Dulski", 1911)
* "Kobieta bez skazy" (1913)
* "O czym się nawet myśleć nie chce" (1914)

Dramas

Zapolska is best-known for her dramas, socio-satirical comedies and tragicomedy works. "Moralność pani Dulskiej", a 'petty-bourgeois tragic-farce', is considered by her most-known work and regarded as a landmark of early modernist Polish drama.Cite web
url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/253152.ctl
accessdate=2007-11-20
title=Zapolska, Gabriela: The Morality of Mrs. Dulska
work=The University of Chicago Press] The story of "Moralność pani Dulskiej" was continued in two short stories—"Pani Dulska przed sądem" and "Śmierć Felicjana Dulskiego". Her dramas were translated into other languages, played at the Polish and European stages, and adapted into radio and film.

Notable Zapolska dramas include:
* "Żabusia" ("Froggie", 1897)
* "Małka Szwarcenkopf" (1897)
* "Jojne Firułkes" (1898)
* "Moralność pani Dulskiej" ("The Morality of Mrs. Dulska", 1906)
* "Ich czworo. Tragedia ludzi głupich" (1907)
* "Skiz" (1908)
* "Panna Maliczewska" ("Miss Maliczewska", 1910)

tyle and themes

Gabriela Zapolska's works was dominated by naturalism. She was mainly influenced by Émile Zola, a French naturalist writer. Her naturalism has a journalistic and didactic tone. She portrayed the lives of the poorest and most vulnerable people, such as servants, prostitutes, Jews, proletarians, etc.

Characters in Zapolska works are mostly typical and she tends to skip psychological analysis as it was specific for the Young Poland writers. She also brought up controversial subjects, such as prostitution and venereal disease ("O czym się mówi", "O czym się nawet myśleć nie chce").

Zapolska created acrimonious and embiterred literary characters, such as those in her best-known works, "Moralność pani Dulskiej", "Żabusia", "Ich czworo. Tragedia ludzi głupich", "Sezonowa miłość", and "Panna Maliczewska".

Films

Movies based on Zapolska novels or dramas include:
* "Carewicz" (1918) – directed by Marian Fuchs
* "Tamten" (1921) – by Władysław Lenczewski
* "O czym się nie mówi" (1924) – by Edward Puchalski
* "Policmajster Tagiejew" (1929) – by Juliusz Gardan
* "Moralność pani Dulskiej" (1930) – by Boleslaw Newolin; the first Polish movie with sound recorded on a gramophone record
* "O czym się nie mówi" (1939) – by Mieczysław Krawicz
* "Morálka paní Dulské" (adaption of "Moralność pani Dulskiej", 1958) – by Jiří Krejčík; a Czechoslovakian movie

Criticisms

Zapolska was criticized by conservatives for the more unpleasant naturalist aspects of her works, such as perceived immorality, squalor, taboo subjects, etc.

ee also

*Feminism in Poland

Notes

References

* Cite web
url=http://www.ned.univie.ac.at/lic/autor.asp?paras=/lg;10/aut_id;26664/
language=Polish
title=Gabriela Zapolska Biografía
work=LIC – Literatura en su contexto
accessdate=2007-11-20
* Cite encyclopedia
title = Zapolska Gabriela
encyclopedia = Nowa encyklopedia powszechna PWN
volume=6
id=ISBN 83-01-11969-1
publisher=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN
year=1997
edition=1st edition
pages=p. 984
location=Warsaw
* cite web
title=Zapolska Gabriela
work=WIEM Encyklopedia
url=http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/35380,,,,zapolska_gabriela,haslo.html
language=Polish
accessdate=2007-11-20

Further reading

* Cite book
last=Aleksandrowicz-Ulrich
first=Alina
title=Demaskatorska funkcja komizmu i satyry w dramatach Gabrieli Zapolskiej (w kręgu „Moralności pani Dulskiej”)
language=Polish
year=1953
location=Lublin
publisher=Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska
oclc=69271899
* Cite book
last=Bieniasz
title=Gabriela Zapolska: Opowieść biograficzna
language=Polish
year=1960
first=Józef
location=Wrocław
publisher=Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich
oclc=43300549
* Cite book
last=Chałupnik
first=Agata
title=Sztandar ze spódnicy: Zapolska i Nałkowska o kobiecym doświadczeniu ciała
language=Polish
year=2004
location=Warsaw
publisher=Oficyna Wydawnicza Errata
oclc=57759495
isbn=8392061705
* Cite book
last=Czachowska
title=Gabrieli Zapolskiej „Listy” o sztuce
year=1957
first=Jadwiga
language=Polish
location=Warsaw
publisher=Państwowy Instytut Sztuki
oclc=169846141
* Cite book
last=Czachowska
title=Gabriela Zapolska. Monografia bio-bibliograficzna
year=1966
first=Jadwiga
language=Polish
location=Kraków
publisher=Wydawnictwo Literackie
edition=1st edition
oclc=8819234
* Cite book
last=Gubernat
title=Przedsionek piekła: O powieściopisarstwie Gabrieli Zapolskiej
year=1998
first=Irena
language=Polish
location=Słupsk
publisher=Wydawnictwo Uczelniane WSP
isbn=8387006475
oclc=69323504
* Cite book
last=Jakubowski
first=Jan Zygmunt
coauthors=Renikowa, Wanda
title=Teatr Zapolskiej
year=1965
language=Polish
location=Warsaw
publisher=Centralna Poradnia Amatorskiego Ruchu Artystycznego
oclc=69285122
* Cite book
last=Jakubowski
first=Jan Zygmunt
coauthors=Renikowa, Wanda
title=Teatr Zapolskiej. Wybór tekstów cz. II i III
year=1965
language=Polish
location=Warsaw
publisher=Centralna Poradnia Amatorskiego Ruchu Artystycznego
oclc=68174201
* Cite book
last=Kallas
first=Aniela
title=Zapolska. Powieść biograficzna
year=1931
language=Polish
location=Warsaw
publisher=Renaissance
oclc=19983596
* Cite book
last=Karren
first=Tamara
title=Pani Gabriela
year=1977
language=Polish
location=London
publisher=Polonia Book Fund Ltd
oclc=5452819
* Cite book
last=Kłosińska
first=Krystyna
title=Ciało, pożądanie, ubranie. O wczesnych powieściach Gabrieli Zapolskiej
year=1999
language=Polish
location=Kraków
publisher=Wydawnictwo FK
isbn=8391036227
oclc=45058526
* Cite book
last=Kłosińska
first=Krystyna
title=Fantazmaty. Grabiński – Prus – Zapolska
year=2004
language=Polish
location=Katowice
publisher=Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
isbn=8322614101
oclc=63051901
* Cite book
last=Peiper
first=Tadeusz
coauthors=Fazan, Jarosław
title=Gabriela Zapolska jako aktorka
year=2004
language=Polish
location=Kraków
publisher=Wydawnictwo Literackie
isbn=8308037003
oclc=69317801
* Cite book
last=Podeschwik
first=Manfred
title=Studien zum novellistischen Schaffen von Gabriela Zapolska
year=1969
language=German
location=Witterschlick
publisher=Dissertation, Freie Universität Berlin
oclc=63508692
* Cite book
last=Raszewski
first=Zbigniew
title=Działalność teatralna Gabrieli Zapolskiej
year=1951
language=Polish
location=Wrocław
publisher=Wrocławska Drukarnia Naukowa
* Cite book
last=Raszewski
first=Zbigniew
title=Paryskimi śladami Zapolskiej
year=1956
language=Polish
location=Warsaw
publisher=Państwowy Instytut Sztuki
oclc=69572857
* Cite book
last=Rurawski
first=Józef
title=Gabriela Zapolska
year=1981
language=Polish
location=Warsaw
publisher=Wiedza Powszechna
isbn=8321402127
oclc=8669249
* Cite book
last=Taborski
first=Roman
title=„Moralność pani Dulskiej” Gabrieli Zapolskiej
year=1975
language=Polish
location=Warsaw
publisher=Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne
edition=1st edition
oclc=3322952
* Cite book
last=Weiss
first=Tomasz
title=Gabriela Zapolska: Życie i twórczość
language=Polish
year=1968
location=Kraków
publisher=Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
oclc=3155855
edition=1st edition
* Cite book
last=Zapolska
first=Gabriela
coauthors=Virol, Lisbeth; Nevill, Arturo
title=Madame Zapolska et la scène parisienne
language=French
year=2004
location=Montreuil-sous-Bois
publisher=Femme pressée
oclc=61453577
isbn=2910584054

External links

*
* [http://www.e-teatr.pl/pl/realizacje/163,autor.html Gabriela Zapolska] at e-teatr.pl

Persondata
NAME=Zapolska, Gabriela
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Śnieżko-Janowska, Maria Gabriela Stefania (born name); Maskoff, Józef (pseudonym); Tomicki, Walery (pseudonym); Maryja (pseudonym); Marya (pseudonym); Omega (pseudonym); Szczerba (pseudonym)
SHORT DESCRIPTION=novelist, playwright, prose writer, publicist, feuilletonist, theatre critic, stage actress
DATE OF BIRTH=March 30, 1857
PLACE OF BIRTH=Podhajce, Galicia, Austria (now Pidhaitsi, Ukraine)
DATE OF DEATH=December 21, 1921
PLACE OF DEATH=Lwów, Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine)