Élisée Reclus

Infobox Person
name = Élisée Reclus


image_size = 200px
caption =
birth_date = March 15 1830
birth_place = Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, France
death_date = death date and age|1905|07|04|1830|03|15
death_place = Torhout, Belgium
occupation = Geographer, Anarchist Revolutionary, and Writer.

Élisée Reclus (March 15 1830 – July 4 1905), also known as Jean Jacques Élisée Reclus, was a renowned French geographer, writer and anarchist. He produced his masterwork in 19 volumes over a period of nearly 20 years: "La Nouvelle Géographic universelle, la terre et les hommes" (1875 – 1894). In 1892 he was awarded the prestigious Gold Medal of the Paris Geographical Society for this work, despite his having been banished from France because of his political activism.

Biography

Reclus was born at Sainte-Foy-la-Grande (Gironde). He was the second son of a Protestant pastor and his wife. From the family of fourteen children, several went on to achieve renown either as men of letters, politicians or members of the learned professions.

Reclus began his education in Rhenish Prussia, and continued higher studies at the Protestant college of Montauban. He completed his studies at University of Berlin, where he followed a long course of geography under Karl Ritter.

Withdrawing from France because of political events of December 1851, he spent the next six years (1852 – 1857) traveling and working in the Great Britain, the United States, Central America, and Colombia. Arriving in Louisiana in 1853, Reclus worked for about 2 1/2 years as a tutor to the children of Septime and Félicité Fortier at their plantation Félicité, located about 50 miles upriver from New Orleans. He recounted his passage through the Mississippi river delta and impressions of antebellum New Orleans and the state in "Fragment d'un voyage á Louisiane", published in 1855. [John Clark, "Putting Freedom on the
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bright/reclus/voyage.html] , accessed 15 May 2008]

On his return to Paris, Reclus contributed to the "Revue des deux mondes", the "Tour du monde" and other periodicals a large number of articles embodying the results of his geographical work. Among other works of this period was an excellent short book "Histoire d’un ruisseau", in which he traced the development of a great river from source to mouth. In 1867 – 1868 he published "La Terre; description des phénomènes de la vie du globe", in two volumes.

During the 1870 siege of Paris, Reclus shared in the aerostatic operations conducted by Félix Nadar, and also served in the National Guard. As a member of the Association Nationale des Travailleurs, he published in the "Cri du Peuple" a hostile manifesto against the government of Versailles in support of the Paris Commune of 1871.

Continuing to serve in the National Guard, now in open revolt, Reclus was taken prisoner on April 5, and on November 16 sentenced to transportation for life. Because of intervention by supporters from England, the sentence was commuted in January 1872 to perpetual banishment from France.

After a short visit to Italy, Reclus settled at Clarens, in Switzerland, where he resumed his literary labours, and produced the "Histoire d’une montagne" (a companion to "Histoire d’un ruisseau"). There he wrote nearly the whole of his great work, "La Nouvelle Géographic universelle, la terre et les hommes", in 19 vols (1875 – 1894). This is an outstanding compilation, profusely illustrated with maps, plans, and engravings. Its achievement was crowned with the award of the gold medal of the Paris Geographical Society in 1892. An English edition appeared simultaneously, also in 19 vols. the first four by E. G. Ravenstein, the rest by A. H. Keane. Reclus’s writings were characterized by extreme accuracy and brilliant exposition, which gave them permanent literary and scientific value.

In 1882 Reclus initiated the Anti-Marriage Movement, in accordance with which he allowed his two daughters to marry without any civil or religious ceremony. This action caused no little embarrassment to many of his well-wishers. The French government initiated prosecution from the High Court of Lyon against the anarchists and members of the International Association, of which Reclus and the influential Anarchist Kropotkin were designated the two chief organizers. Piotr Kropotkin was arrested and condemned to five years’ imprisonment, but Reclus escaped punishment as he remained in Switzerland.

After 1892, Reclus was appointed chair of comparative geography at the University of Brussels. He contributed several important articles and essays to French, German and English scientific journals. Among these were:
* "The Progress of Mankind" ("Contemporary Review", 1896)
* "Attila de Gerando" ("Revue Géographie", 1898)
* "A Great Globe" (Geograph. Journ., 1898)
* "L’Extrême-Orient" (Bulletin Antwerp Géographie Sociétie, 1898), a thoughtful study of the political geography of the Far East and its possible changes
* "La Perse" ("Bulletin Sociétie Neuchateloise", 1899)
* "La Phénice et les Phéniciens" (ibid., 1900)
* "La Chine et la diplomatie européenne" ("L'Humanité nouvelle" series, 1900)
* "L'Enseignement de la géographie" ("Institute Géographie de Bruxelles", No 5, 1901)

Shortly before his death, Reclus had completed "L'Homme et la terre", with which he added to his previous greater works by considering man in his development relative to geographical environment.Reclus died at Torhout, near Bruges, Belgium.

See also

* Anarchism in France
* His brother Onésime Reclus, also a geographer, coined the term "Francophone" to designate a community of French-speaking people.

Notes

Further reading

* Fleming, Marie, "The Geography of Freedom: the Odyssey of Élisée Reclus", Montréal [etc.] : Black Rose Books, 1988
* Dunbar, Gary S., "Elisée Reclus; A Historian of Nature", Hamden, Connecticut, USA: Archon Books, 1978
* Ishill, Joseph, "Élisée and Élie Reclus", Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, USA: The Oriole Press, 1927
* Cahiers Pensée et Action, "Élisée Reclus, savant et anarchiste", Paris -Bruxelles, 1956
* Hélène Sarrazin, "Élisée Reclus ou la passion du monde", La Découverte, Paris, 1985
* Joël Cornuault, "Élisée Reclus, géographe et poète", fédérop, Eglise-Neuve d'Issac, 1995
* Roger Gonot, "Élisée Reclus, Prophète de l'idéal anarchiste", Covedi, 1996
* Joël Cornuault, "Élisée Reclus, étonnant géographe", Périgueux: Fanlac, 1999
* Crestian Lamaison, "Élisée Reclus, l'Orthésien qui écrivait la Terre", Orthez: Cité du Livre, 2005
* Joël Cornuault, "Élisée Reclus et les Fleurs Sauvages", Bergerac: Librairie La Brèche, 2005
* Joël Cornuault, "Les Cahiers Élisée Reclus", Bergerac: Librairie La Brèche 1996 – 2006
* Philippe Pelletier, "la géographie innovante d'Élisée Reclus", les Amis de Ste Foy et sa région, n°86, 2005
* "An Anarchist on Anarchy" by Élisée Reclus (1884) [http://www.infoshop.org/inews/article.php?story=20060307204353920]

References

* Joyce's Sources: "Les Grands Fleuves Historiques"

External links

* [http://raforum.info/reclus/ Élisée Reclus, le site]
* [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/reclus/reclus.html Reclus at the Anarchy Archive]
* Samuel Stephenson, [http://academic.reed.edu/formosa/texts/reclusbio.html Reclus Biography]
* Ingeborg Landuyt and Geert Lernout, [http://antwerpjamesjoycecenter.com/fleuve.html]