Shewa

Shewa (Ge'ez ሽዋ "šawā", modern "šewā" also spelled "Shoa") is a historical region of Ethiopia. Formerly an autonomous kingdom within the Ethiopian Empire, the Ethiopian modern capital Addis Ababa is located at its center.

The nucleus of Shewa is part of the mountainous plateau in what is currently the central area of Ethiopia, but prior to the Zemene Mesafint and after the loss of Bale with the invasion of Ahmed Gragn, Shewa was part of Ethiopia's southeasternmost frontier. Shewa was as defensible as any highland, and its government traced an administrative continuity with this earlier period despite the loss of neighboring lands to the Ethiopian Empire. At times, it was a safe haven; at other times, it was isolated from the rest of Ethiopia by hostile peoples.

The towns of Debre Berhan, Antsokia, Ankober, Entoto and, after Shewa became a province of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa have all served as the capital of Shewa at various times. Most of northern Shewa, made up of the districts of Menz, Tegulet, Yifat, Menjar, Bulga is populated mostly by Christian Amharas and Oromos, while southern and eastern Shewa have large Oromo and Muslim populations. The important monastery of Debre Libanos, founded by Saint Tekle Haymanot, is located in the district of Selale in northern Shewa (the modern woreda of Yaya Gulelena Debre Liban in the Semien Shewa Zone).

History

Shewa first appears in the historical record as a Muslim state, which G.W.B. Huntingford believed was founded in 896, and had its capital at Walalah. This state was absorbed by the Sultanate of Ifat around 1285. Recently, three urban centers thought to be part of the Islamic kingdom of Shewa was discovered by a group of French archaeologists.

Yekuno Amlak based his uprising against the Zagwe dynasty from an enclave in Shewa that was settled by Amhara Christians. He claimed his Solomonic forebears, direct descendants of the pre-Zagwe Axumite Emperors, who had used Shewa as their safe haven when their survival was threatened by Gudit and other enemies; this claim is supported by the "Kebra Nagast", which mentions Shewa as part of the realm of Menlik I (chapter 39). However, this story may be a later fabrication reflecting the similar conduct of Lebna Dengel's family, as Aksum and its predecessor D'mt were mostly limited to Northern Ethiopia and modern Eritrea during the 1st millennium BCE.

In the 16th century, Shewa and the rest of Christian Abyssinia was conquered by the forces of Ahmed Gragn of Adal, and Shewa became under Muslim rule once again; the region then came under pressure from the Oromo, who succeeded during the first decades of the next century in settling the areas around Shewa (which were renamed Welega, Arsi and Wollo). Presently, the Oromos of Wollo and Arsi in particular are predominately Muslim. Little is known about the details of the history of Shewa until almost 1800, however, Emperor Lebna Dengel and some of his sons used Shewa as their safe haven when threatened by invaders.

The Shewan ruling family was founded by Negassie in the late 17th century, who consolidated his control around Yifat. Traditions recorded about his ancestry vary: one tradition, recorded in 1840, claims his mother was the daughter of Ras Faris, a follower of Emperor Susenyos who had escaped into Menz; another tradition told by Serta Wold, a councilor of Sahle Selassie, was that Negassie was a male-line descendant of Yaqob, the youngest son of Lebna Dengel, and thus assert descent from the ancient ruling Solomonic dynasty. [Mordechai Abir, "Ethiopia: the Era of the Princes" (London: Longmans, 1968), pp. 144ff.] As these traditions are not contradictory, one relating to the female line of ancestry, the other to the male, they may both be true. Thus the ruling family of Shewa were considered the junior branch of the Solomonic dynasty after the senior Gondar branch.

Negassie's son, Sebestyanos assumed the title of "Meridazmach" ("Fearsome Commander"), which was unique to Shewa. His descendants continued to bear this title until Sahle Selassie of Shewa was declared king of Shewa in the 1830s. His grandson, Sahle Maryam, eventually would succeed as Emperor of all Ethiopia at the end of the century under name "Menelek II". The title of "King of Shewa" was subsumed into the Imperial title of "Emperor of Ethiopia" when Menelek became Emperor.

Shewan kings spread their control towards the south and east, through lowland and desert, and succeeded in subjecting some regions under their rule. The Emperors of Ethiopia had long claimed these southern regions, and various direct and tributary relations had existed prior to the invasion of Imam Ahmad Gragn. The Oromo migrations that followed the Imam's defeat had cut off these old relationships and had drastically changed the demographics of the area. The kingdom of Shewa that Menelek II brought into the Ethiopian realm had been somewhat expanded, and thus added significantly to the total area of the empire. Ethiopia reached further frontiers through expansion to the east and south, resulting in the Shewan region as the physical center of the modern country.

In recent times, Shewa was a Governorate-General (Province) under the monarchy, and was then an Administrative Region of Ethiopia under the Derg military regime until 1984. In that year, upon the proclamation of "The Peoples Republic" under the now civilianized Derg, Shewa was split into four Administrative Regions, North Shewa, Southern Shewa, Eastern Shewa and Western Shewa. Following the fall of the Derg in 1991, the old historic provinces and regions were abolished, replaced with the present ethnic-based modern regions (based on ethnic and linguistic boundaries). The former province of Shewa territory was split between the Amhara and Oromia Regions, as well as the Addis Ababa autonomous area.

ee also

* Rulers of Shewa

References