Walther Kossel

Walther Ludwig Julius Kossel (January 4, 1888 in Berlin, Germany – 22 May, 1956 in Tübingen, Germany) was a German physicist known for his theory of the chemical bond (ionic bond/octet rule), Sommerfeld-Kossel displacement law of atomic spectra, the Kossel-Stranski model for crystal growth, and the Kossel effect. Walther was the son of Albrecht Kossel who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1910.

Career

Kossel began studies at the University of Heidelberg in 1906, but was at the University of Berlin during 1907 and 1908. In 1910, he became assistant to Philipp Lenard, who was also his thesis advisor. Kossel was awarded his Ph.D. in 1910, and he stayed on as assistant to Leonard until 1913. [ [http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/guides/ahqp/ American Philosophical Society Author Catalog: Kossel] and [http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/guides/ahqp/bios.htm American Philosophical Society: Sommerfeld Biography] ]

In 1913, the year in which Niels Bohr introduced the Bohr model of the atom, Kossel went to the University of Munich as assistant to Arnold Sommerfeld, [ [http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/guides/ahqp/bios.htm American Philosophical Society: Sommerfeld Biography] ] under whom he did his Habilitation. Under Sommerfeld, Munich was a theoretical center for the developing atomic theory, especially from the interpretation of atomic spectra. In 1916, Kossel put forth his theory of the ionic chemical bond (octet rule), also independently advanced in the same year by Gilbert N. Lewis. [ [http://www.ucc.ie/academic/chem/dolchem/html/dict/000c1.html University College Cork] , [http://www.origin-life.gr.jp/2904/2904174/2904174.html University City Tübingen] , and (Pauling, 1960, p. 5).] In papers published in 1914, 1916, and 1920, Kossel was the first to explain the theory of absorption limits in x-ray spectra. [ White, 1934, p. 307] The edge appears at a critical frequency where absorption of the radiation largely begins with the resultant ejection of photoelectrons. In 1919, Kossel and Sommerfeld explained the similarity of the atomic spectra of neutral atoms, of atomic number Z, and singly ionized atoms, of atomic number Z + 1, which became known as the Sommerfeld-Kossel displacement law. [ White, 1934, p. 249] In 1920, Kossel explained another phenomenon of x-ray spectra. Under high resolution spectroscopy, the absorption edge has structure. [ White, 1934, p. 329] He attributed this to absorption of radiation by electrons which are not ejected from matter as photoelectrons, but are “kicked up” to higher, unoccupied, bound electron energy levels. In early years, this was known as “ Kossel structure.”

In 1921, Kossel took an appointment as ordinarius professor of theoretical physics at the University of Kiel. [ [http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/guides/ahqp/ American Philosophical Society Author Catalog: Kossel] ] In 1928, he put forth his kinetic theory of crystal growth, which became known as the Kossel-Stranski model – Iwan N. Stranki [ [http://www.tu-berlin.de/presse/125jahre/festschrift/stranski_e.htm Iwan N. Stranksi] . The Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, at the Technical University Berlin, was named in his honor. See: [http://www.tu-berlin.de/~insi/ Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie] ] independently proposed the same model. [ Cao, 2004, p. 116 and Borisenko, 2004, p. 154.]

In 1932, Kossel took the appointment as ordinarius professor of theoretical physics at the Technische Hochschule at Danzig. [ [http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/guides/ahqp/ American Philosophical Society Author Catalog: Kossel] ] During his tenure there in 1934, he discovered x-ray lattice interference of spherical waves in crystals during the bombardment of single-crystal copper with a high-energy electron beam. [ [http://www.ifpan.edu.pl/PTPS/biulet/vo05/p115-Paszkowicz.pdf Synchrotron Radiation in Natural Science] and [http://www.crystalresearch.com/crt/ab38/440_a.pdf Crystal Research Technology] ]

In 1944, he was awarded the Max-Planck medal by the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.

In 1945, Kossel became professor of theoretical physics and director of the Physics Institute at the University of Tübingen, where he was granted emeritus status in 1953. [ [http://www.iucr.org/iucr-top/publ/50YearsOfXrayDiffraction/chap20.pdf 50 Years of X-ray Diffraction: Germany] , [http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/UAT/prov/datei518.htm University of Tübingen] , and [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Kossel German Wikipedia: Kossel] ]

Kossel died in Tübingen and is buried, as is his father, Albercht, in the Wald Friedhof, Heidelberg. [ [http://www.iucr.org/iucr-top/publ/50YearsOfXrayDiffraction/chap20.pdf 50 Years of X-ray Diffraction: Germany] and [http://www.origin-life.gr.jp/2904/2904174/2904174.html University City Tübingen] ]

elected bibliography

*Walther Kossel "Bemerkung zur Absorption homogener Röntgenstrahlen", "Verh. D. Deutsch. Phys Ges" (2) 16 898-909 (1914). Received 27 September 1914, published in issue No. 20 of 30 October 1914. As cited in Mehra, Volume 1, Part 2, 2001, p. 795.

*Walther Kossel "Bemerkung zur Absorption homogener Röntgenstrahlen. II", "Verh. D. Deutsch. Phys Ges" (2) 16 953-963 (1914). Received 23 October 1914, published in issue No. 22 of 30 November 1914. As cited in Mehra, Volume 5, Part 2, 2001, p. 919.

*Walther Kossel "Bemerkung zum Seriencharakter der Röntgenstrahlen", "Verh. D. Deutsch. Phys Ges" (2) 18 339-359 (1916). Received 31 August 1916, published in issue No. 15-18 of 30 September 1916. As cited in Mehra, Volume 5, Part 2, 2001, p. 919.

References

*Borisenko, Victor E. and Stefano Ossicini "What is What in the Nanoworld: A Handbook on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology"(Wiley-VCH, 2004) ISBN 3-527-40493-7

*Cao, Gouzhong "Nanostructures and Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications" (Imperial College Press, 2004) ISBN 1-86094-415-9

*Gerhard Herzberg translated from German with the help of the author by J. W. T. Spinks "Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure" (Dover, 1945)

*Mehra, Jagdish, and Helmut Rechenberg "The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 1 Part 2 The Quantum Theory of Planck, Einstein, Bohr and Sommerfeld 1900 – 1925: Its Foundation and the Rise of Its Difficulties." (Springer, 2001) ISBN 0-387-95175-X

*Mehra, Jagdish, and Helmut Rechenberg "The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 5 Erwin Schrödinger and the Rise of Wave Mechanics. Part 2 Schrödinger in Vienna and Zurich 1887-1925." (Springer, 2001) ISBN 0-387-95180-6

*Pauling, Linus "The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Structure of Molecules and Crystals: An Introduction to Modern Structural Chemistry" (Cornell, 1960)

*White, Harvey Elliott "Introduction to Atomic Spectra" (McGraw-Hill, 1934)

Notes