Black Tom explosion

:"Black Tom currently redirects here. For the Marvel Comics character, see Black Tom Cassidy."

The Black Tom explosion of July 30, 1916 in Jersey City, New Jersey was an act of sabotage on American ammunition supplies by German agents to prevent the materials from being used by the Allies in World War I.

Black Tom Island prior to the blast

The term "Black Tom" originally referred to an island in New York Harbor next to Liberty Island. The island received its name from a local legend of a "dark-skinned" resident named Tom. By 1880, a causeway and railway had been built connecting it to the mainland for use as a shipping depot. Sometime between 1905 and 1916, the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, which owned the island and causeway, expanded the island with landfill, resulting in the addition of the entire area to the limits of Jersey City. The area contained a mile-long pier that housed the depot as well as warehouses for the National Dock and Storage Company.

Black Tom was a major munitions depot for materials manufactured in the northeast. Prior to a 1915 blockade of the Central Powers by the British Royal Navy, American industries were free to sell their materials to any buyer, but by this time the Allies were the only possible customers. It was reported that on the night of the attack, two million pounds of ammunition were being stored at the depot in freight cars, including one-hundred thousand pounds of TNT on the "Johnson Barge No.17", all awaiting eventual shipment to Britain and France. It was obviously a tempting target. Future mayor Frank Hague, then commissioner of public safety, reported that he had been told that the barge had been "tied up at Black Tom to avoid a twenty-five dollar towing charge", [ [http://www.njcu.edu/programs/jchistory/Pages/B_Pages/Black_Tom_Explosion.htm Jersey City past and present] ] which would have been around $470 today.

Explosion

After midnight, a series of small fires were found on the pier. Some guards fled, fearing an explosion; others attempted to fight the fires. Eventually they called the Jersey City Fire Department.

At 2:08 a.m., the first and biggest of the explosions took place. Shrapnel from the explosion travelled long distances, some lodging in the Statue of Liberty and some in the clocktower of the Jersey Journal building in Journal Square, over a mile away, stopping the clock at 2:12 a.m. The explosion was the equivalent of an earthquake measuring between 5.0 and 5.5 on the Richter Scale [http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/parks/liberty_state_park/liberty_blacktomexplosion.html *] and was felt as far away as Philadelphia. Windows broke as far as 25 miles (40 km) away, including thousands in lower Manhattan. Some window panes in Times Square were completely shattered. The outer wall of Jersey City's City Hall was cracked and the Brooklyn Bridge was shaken. People as far away as Maryland who were awakened by it thought it was an earthquake.

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thumb|300px|right|Black Tom pier shortly after the explosion.Property damage from the attack was estimated at $20 million ($377 million today). The damage to the Statue of Liberty was valued at $100,000 ($1.9 to $2 million today) and included the skirt and the torch. The arm has been closed to visitors ever since. [http://www.historyplace.com/specials/writers/tom-island.htm]

Immigrants being processed at Ellis Island also had to be evacuated to lower Manhattan. Reports vary, but as many as seven people may have been killed, including:
*a Jersey City policeman [http://www.odmp.org/officer.php?oid=4153] ,
*a Lehigh Valley Railroad Police Chief [http://www.odmp.org/officer.php?oid=17457] ,
* a ten week old infant [http://www.njcu.edu/programs/jchistory/Pages/B_Pages/Black_Tom_Explosion.htm] ,
*and the barge captain [http://www.njcu.edu/programs/jchistory/Pages/B_Pages/Black_Tom_Explosion.htm] . Injuries numbered in the hundreds. Smaller explosions continued to occur for hours after the initial blast.

Aftermath

Two of the guards who had lit the smudge pots were immediately arrested. However, it soon became clear that the blast had not been an accident. It was traced to a Slovak immigrant named Michael Kristoff (probably a stolen identity), who had served in the U.S. Army, but admitted to carrying suitcases for the Germans before America entered World War I. According to him, two of the guards were German agents. It is likely that the bombing involved some of the ingenious techniques developed by a group of German agents surrounding German ambassador Count Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, probably using the pencil bombs developed by Captain Franz von Rintelen.Although blamed at the time solely on German agents, later investigations in the aftermath of the Annie Larsen affair unearthed links between the Ghadar conspiracy and the Black Tom explosion. Franz von Papen is known to have also been involved in both. Later investigations by the Directorate of Naval Intelligence is known to have found extensive links to the Irish movement, the Indian Movement, as well as the Communist elementsFact|date=January 2008.cite web
author = Stafford, D.
publisher = New York Times
url=http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/s/stafford-roosevelt.html
title= Men of Secrets. Roosevelt and Churchill.
accessdate=2007-10-24] cite web
author = Myonihan, D.P
publisher = Fas.org
url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/library/moynihan/appa2.html
title= Report of the Commission on on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. Senate Document 105-2
accessdate=2007-10-24]

The Lehigh Valley Railroad Company sought damages against Germany under the Treaty of Berlin with the German-American Mixed Claims Commission. The commission in 1939 declared that Imperial Germany had been responsible and ordered damages. The two sides finally settled on $50 million in 1953. The final payment was made in 1979.

Black Tom today

The location of Black Tom Island can be visited today as part of Liberty State Park. The park consists of former industrial and railroad lands created by filling in the waters adjoining Black Tom to the north, making it now part of the mainland. The former Black Tom Island is the area at the end of Morris Pesin Drive in the southeastern corner of the park. A plaque marks the spot of the explosion.

The plaque reads

Explosion at Liberty!

On July 30, 1916 the Black Tom munitions depot exploded rocking New York Harbor and sending residents tumbling from their beds.

The noise of the explosion was heard as far away as Maryland and Connecticut. On Ellis Island, terrified immigrants were evacuated by ferry to the Battery. Shrapnel pierced the Statue of Liberty (the arm of the Statue was closed to visitors after this). Property damage was estimated at $20 million. It is not known how many died.

Why the explosion? Was it an accident or planned? According to historians, the Germans sabotaged the Lehigh Valley munitions depot in order to stop deliveries being made to the British who had blockaded the Germans in Europe.

You are walking on a site which saw one of the worst acts of terrorism in American history.

A stained glass window at Our Lady of Czestochowa Catholic church memorialized the victims of the attack.

"History Detectives"

The August 11th, 2008 episode of the PBS program History Detectives in one of its segments discusses the explosion and an empty artillery shell that may have come from the stockpile. Despite the item contributor family's story, a munitions expert reveals the shell was made two months after the Black Tom explosion.

In 1924 the railroad company that owned all the stockcars storing the munitions sued the German government. The History Detectives segment underscores that despite this implication, the story oddly didn't get very much press. The special also states that Woodrow Wilson, running for re-election, definitely knew the explosion was sabotage and not accidental. However, Wilson was running on an anti-war platform and acknowledging the sabotage would have likely cost him the election.

See also

*Lothar Witzke

References

* Chad Millman, "The Detonators: The Secret Plot to Destroy America and an Epic Hunt for Justice"
*Jules Witcover, "Sabotage at Black Tom: Imperial Germany's Secret War in America, 1914-1917," 1989

External links

* [http://www.njcu.edu/programs/jchistory/Pages/B_Pages/Black_Tom_Explosion.htm Black Tom Info from New Jersey City University]
* [http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/parks/liberty_state_park/liberty_blacktomexplosion.html New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection]
* [http://www.fbi.gov/page2/july04/blacktom073004.htm FBI web site]
* [http://local.google.com/local?q=40.694+-74.059&iwloc=A&hl=en Map]
* [http://local.google.com/local?q=40.694+-74.059&t=h&iwloc=A&hl=en Present aerial view]
* [http://www.getnj.com/jchist/blacktoma.shtml Jersey City History site]
* [http://www.historyplace.com/specials/writers/tom-island.htm reference only]