Li Chunfeng

Li Chunfeng (zh-tspw|t=李淳風|s=李淳风|p=Lǐ Chúnfèng|w=Li Ch'unfeng, 602–670) was a Chinese mathematician, astronomer, and historian who was born in today's Baoji, Shaanxi during the Sui and Tang dynasties. He was first appointed to the Imperial Astronomy Bureau to help institute a calendar reform. He eventually ascended to deputy of the Imperial Astronomy Bureau and designed the Linde calendar. His father was an educated state official and also a Taoist. Li died in Chang'an in 670.

Background and career

The Sui Dynasty was integral for uniting China, so it was a good time for learning. But when Li was sixteen the Sui fell, and the Tang rose. Nevertheless, the Tang did not harm the conditions for education. Indeed, it rather strengthened it. The Imperial Academy's math teaching was formalized. He was appointed as an advanced court astronomer and historian, once he had been appointed into the Imperial Astronomy Bureau in 627. Once several years had passed, he then was promoted to deputy of the Imperial Astronomy Bureau in 627.

Finally, he became deputy in 648. He was given these titles because the Chinese calendar of the era, despite that it had only been used for several years, was already having accuracy problems in predicting eclipses. In fact, Li was appointed partially because of his critique of the Wuyin calendar. Wang Xiaotong had been chosen to study the problem earlier. This was a very important job because of the Chinese belief in the Mandate of Heaven. So if one altered the calendar, that person would have some control over the connection between the heavens and the emperor.

Astronomy and calendar

In 665, Li introduced a reform calendar. It was called the Linde calendar. It improved the prediction of planets' positions and included an “intercalary month.” That is similar to the idea of a leap day. It would catch up a lunar year to a solar year because twelve lunar months are 1.3906 days short of one solar year. It was added every three years. The Linde calendar is the most prominent accomplishment of Li.

Li wrote a document complaining about the use of outdated equipment in the Imperial Astronomy Bureau, so he was commanded to construct a new armillary sphere. He completed it in 633. His construction had an additional third ring as opposed to the more common design of only two rings.

Mathematics

Li added corrections to certain mathematical works. Examples of this are in "Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art" by Liu Hui. He demonstrated that the least common multiple of the numbers two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, and twelve was 27720, the answer was flawed in the original text. Yet another instance of this was in Zu Geng's work about the area of a sphere. Li gave 22/7 (3.1428571428571428571428571428571) instead of three as a better approximation of what we know now as pi. He began each annotation with the words “Your servant, Chunfeng, and his collaborators comment respectfully on…” Li did write some mathematical works of his own, little is know about them. They are usually dismissed as unimportant in comparison to his other accomplishments. With Liang Shu and Wang Zhenru, he wrote "Shibu Suanjing" (十部算经) in 656. These were ten mathematical manuals submitted to the emperor.

Literary works

Li contributed to the "Book of Sui" and "Book of Jin", which cover the history of the Sui and Jin dynasties. He wrote about the discoveries in astrology, metrology, and music. These are the official histories of the periods. The book "Massage-Chart Prophecies" is generally credited to Li. The book is a collaboration of attempts to predict the future using numerology. Therefore, Li is often thought of as being a prophet. The book gets it title from a poem near the end, discussing how much time it would take to tell the story of thousands of years, it would be better to take a break and enjoy a massage. Li wrote a book discussing the importance of astrology in Chinese culture called "Yisizhan" in 645. This is around when he would have been working on the Linde calendar. Yet another of is works is "Commentary on and Introduction to the Gold Lock and the Flowing Pearls". In this book he describes Taoist customs that was probably part of influence from his father.

References

*Zhuang, Tianshan, [http://203.72.198.245/web/Content.asp?ID=28031&Query=1 "Li Chunfeng"] . "Encyclopedia of China" (Astronomy Edition), 1st ed.
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9384152/Li-Chunfeng Encyclopaedia Britannica]

External links

* [http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Li_Chunfeng.html Li Chunfeng biography] — The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
* [http://www.staff.hum.ku.dk/dbwagner/SPHERE/SPHERE-TX/SPHERE-TX.html Liu Hui and Zu Gengzhi on the volume of a sphere]