Hantaro Nagaoka

Nihongo|Nagaoka Hantaro|長岡 半太郎|Nagaoka Hantarō|August 15 1865 – December 11 1950 was a Japanese physicist and a pioneer of Japanese physics in the early Meiji period. Nagaoka was born in Omura, Nagasaki Prefecture. After receiving his Bachelors degree in physics from the University of Tokyo in 1887, Nagaoka pursued graduate studies in Japan, working on magnetostriction with visiting British physicist C. G. Knott, later delivering an address on the subject before the first International Congress of Physics held by the Curies in Paris in 1900.

Between 1892 and 1896, Nagaoka studied abroad in Vienna, Berlin, and Munich, where he was particularly fascinated by Ludwig Boltzmann's course in the Kinetic Theory of Gases and Maxwell's work on the stability of Saturn's rings, two influences that would later lead to the development of his atomic model.

From 1901 to 1925, Nagaoka was a professor of physics at the University of Tokyo, where his pupils include Kotaro Honda and 1949 Nobel Prize winner Hideki Yukawa.

In 1904 he developed an early, incorrect "planetary model" of the atom (the Saturnian model). [cite book|last=Bryson|first=Bill|authorlink=Bill Bryson|title=A Short History of Nearly Everything|date=2003-05-06|publisher=Broadway Books|isbn=0767908171] The model was based around an analogy to the explanation of the stability of the Saturn rings (the rings are stable because the planet they orbit is very, very massive). So, the model made two predictions:
* a very massive nucleus (in analogy to a very massive planet)
* electrons revolving around the nucleus, bound by electrostatic forces (in analogy to the rings revolving around Saturn, bound by gravitational forces).Both predictions were successfully confirmed by Rutherford and others. However, other details of the model were incorrect and Nagaoka himself abandoned it in 1908.

He later did research in spectroscopy and other fields. In March 1924 he described studies in which he claimed to have successfully formed a milligram of gold and some platinum from mercury. He was president of Osaka University from May 1931 to June 1934. [cite web|url=http://www.osaka-u.ac.jp/eng/about/history.html|title=History of the University|publisher=Osaka University|accessdate=2007-10-17] For his lifetime of scientific work, Nagaoka was granted the Order of Culture by the Japanese government in 1937.

Nagaoka crater on the Moon is named after him.

References

* Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography 2nd Edition, New York: Charles Schribner’s Sons Publishing Co. Copyright 2000 p. 606-607
* Dictionary of Scientific Biography Volume IX A.T.-Macrobious-K.F. Naumann, New York: Charles Schribner’s Sons Publishing Co. Copyright 1974 p. 648

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