Vectorscope

A vectorscope is a special type of oscilloscope used in both audio and video applications. Whereas an oscilloscope or waveform monitor normally displays a plot of signal vs. time, a vectorscope displays an X-Y plot of two signals, revealing valuable details about the relationship between these two signals. Vectorscopes are highly similar in operation to oscilloscopes operated in X-Y mode; however those used in video applications have specialized graticules, and accept standard television or video signals as input (demodulating and demultiplexing the two components to be analyzed internally).

Video Applications

In video applications, a vectorscope supplements a waveform monitor for the purpose of measuring and testing television signals, regardless of format (NTSC, PAL, or any number of digital television standards). While a waveform monitor allows a broadcast technician to measure the overall characteristics of a video signal, a vectorscope is used to visualize chrominance, which is encoded into the video signal as a subcarrier of specific frequency. The vectorscope locks exclusively to the chrominance subcarrier in the video signal (at 3.58 MHz for NTSC, or at 4.43 MHz for PAL) to drive its display. In digital applications, a vectorscope instead plots the Cb and Cr channels against each other--these are the two channels in digital formats which contain chroma information).

A vectorscope uses an overlaid circular reference display, or "graticule", for visualizing chrominance signals, which is the best method of referring to the QAM scheme used to encode color into a video signal. The actual visual pattern that the incoming chrominance signal draws on the vectorscope is called the "trace". Chrominance is measured using two methods—color saturation, encoded as the amplitude, or gain, of the color red, subcarrier signal, and hue, encoded as the subcarrier's phase. The vectorscope's graticule roughly represents saturation as distance from the center of the circle, and hue as the angle, in standard position, around it. The graticule is also embellished with several elements corresponding to the various components of the standard color bars video test signal, including boxes around the circles for the colors in the main bars, and perpendicular lines corresponding to the U and V components of the chrominance signal (and additionally on an NTSC vectorscope, the I and Q components). NTSC vectorscopes have one set of boxes for the color bars, while their PAL counterparts have two sets of boxes, because the R-Y chrominance component in PAL reverses in phase on alternating lines. Another element in the graticule is a fine grid at the nine-o'clock, or -U position, used for measuring differential gain and phase.

Often two sets of bar targets are provided: one for colorbars at 75% amplitude and one for colorbars at 100% amplitude. The 100% bars represent the maximum amplitude (of the composite signal) that composite encoding allows for. 100% bars are not suitable for broadcast and are not broadcast safe. 75% bars have reduced amplitude and are broadcast safe.

In some vectorscope models, only one set of bar targets is provided. The vectorscope can be setup for 75% or 100% bars by adjusting the gain so that the color burst vector extends to the "75%" or "100%" marking on the graticule.

The reference signal used for the vectorscope's display is the color burst that is transmitted before each line of video, which for NTSC is defined to have a phase of 180°, corresponding to the nine-o'clock position on the graticule. The actual color burst signal shows up on the vectorscope as a straight line pointing to the left from the center of the graticule. In the case of PAL, the color burst phase alternates between 135° and 225°, resulting in two vectors pointing in the half-past-ten and half-past-seven positions on the graticule, respectively. In digital (and component analog) vectorscopes, colorburst doesn't exist; hence the phase relationship between the colorburst signal and the chroma subcarrier is simply not an issue. As for SECAM, vectorscopes are not used to measure chrominance at all, due to SECAM's nature of keeping the U and V colour signals separated.

On older vectorscopes implemented with CRTs, the graticule was often implemented as a silkscreened overlay which was superimposed over the front surface of the CRT. One notable exception was the Tektronix WFM601 series of instruments, which are combined waveform monitors/vectorscopes used to measure CCIR 601 television signals. The waveform-mode graticules of these instruments is implemented with a silkscreen; whereas the vectorscope graticule (consisting only of bar targets, as this family did not support composite video) was drawn on the CRT by the electron beam. Modern instruments have graticules drawn using computer graphics, and both graticule and trace are rendered on an external VGA monitor or an internal VGA-compatible LCD display.

Most modern waveform monitors include vectorscope functionality built in; and many allow the two modes to be displayed side-by-side. The combined device is typically referred to as a waveform monitor, and standalone vectorscopes are rapidly becoming obsolete.

Audio Applications

In audio applications, a vectorscope is used to measure the difference between channels of stereo audio signals. One stereo channel drives the horizontal deflection of the display, and the other drives the vertical deflection. A monaural signal, consisting of identical left and right signals, results in a straight line with a slope of positive one. Any stereo separation is visible as a deviation from this line, creating a Lissajous figure. If the straight line (or deviation from it) appears with a slope of negative one, this indicates that the left and right channels are 180° out of phase.

Manufacturers of Vectorscopes

Short list of example Manufacturers
Hamlet Video International - [http://www.hamlet.co.uk]
Sony - [http://bssc.sel.sony.com/BroadcastandBusiness/index.shtml?CP=sony_hm_nav_bssc&ref=http%3A//www.sony.com/index.php]
Tektronix - [http://www.tek.com]
Leader Instruments - [http://www.leaderusa.com/web/products/video_monitor/lv5800.htm]