Huvishka

Infobox Monarch
name =Huvishka
title =Kushan emperor


caption =Coin of Huvishka. Legend in Kushan language and Greek script (with the Kushan letter Ϸ "sh"): ϷΑΟΝΑΝΟϷΑΟ ΟΟΗϷΚΙ ΚΟϷΑΝΟ ("Shaonanoshao Ooishki Koshano"): "King of kings, Huvishka the Kushan".
reign =140 CE - 180 CE
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predecessor =Kanishka
successor =Vasudeva I
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thumb|350px|Gold_coin_of_the_Kushan_emperor_Huvishka (126-164 CE).
Obv: Kanishka shown riding an elephant, with a trident in his right hand, and an elephant goad in the left. Legend in Kushan language and Greek script (with the Kushan letter Ϸ "sh"): ϷΑΟΝΑΝΟϷΑΟ ΟΟΗϷΚΙ ΚΟϷΑΝΟ ("Shaonanoshao Ooishki Koshano"): "King of kings, Huvishka the Kushan".
Rev: Greek god Herakles, wearing lion's skin headdress, holding a club in his right hand and possibly a gourd in his left hand. Greek legend ΗΡΑΚΙΛΟ ("Herakilo"): "Herakles". Monogram ("tamgha") to the left.] Huvishka (Kushan: "Οοηϸκι", "Ooishki") was a Kushan emperor from the death of Kanishka (assumed on the best evidence available to be in 140 CE) until the succession of Vasudeva I about forty years later. His rule was a period of retrenchment and consolidation for the Empire. In particular he devoted time and effort early in his reign to the exertion of greater control over the city of Mathura. Mathura represented the southernmost extent of the Empire and, like much of India/Pakistan, had been ruled via a series of subordinate rulers. These rulers, the ksatraps, maintained a certain amount of autonomy up under Kanishka, but they vanish from records in Huvishka's reign, while Huvishka patronised both Buddhist and Brahmin institutions in the town.

Religion

The reign of Huvishka corresponds to the first known epigraphic evidence of the Buddha Amitabha, on the bottom part of a 2nd century statue which has been found in Govindo-Nagar, and now at the Mathura Museum. The statue is dated to "the 28th year of the reign of Huvishka", and dedicated to "Amitabha Buddha" by a family of merchants.

Compared to his predecessor Kanishka, Huvishka seems to rely less on Iranian deities (which are much less numerous in his coinage), and more on India ones, such as war divinities of Shivaism.

He also incorporates in his coins for the first and unique time in Kushan coinage the Hellenistic-Egyptian Serapis (under the name "Σαραπο", "Sarapo" [ [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=134885&AucID=160&Lot=1146 Serapis coin] ] ), and the Goddess Roma (thought to represent "Roma aeterna"), under the name "Riom" (Greek: ΡΙΟΜ). [Mario Bussagli, "L'Art du Gandhara", 225]

Coinage

One of the great remaining puzzles of Huvishka's reign is the devaluation of his coinage. Early in his reign the copper coinage plunged in weight from a standard of 16g to about 10-11g. The quality and weight then continued to decline throughout the reign until at the start of the reign of Vasudeva the standard coin (a tetradrachm) weighed only 9g. The devaluation led to a massive production of imitations, and an economic demand for the older, pre-devaluation coins in the Gangetic valley. However, the motivation (and even some of the details) of this devaluation are still unknown.

Bodh Gaya

Decorated coins of Huvishka were found at Bodh Gaya together with other gold offerings under the "Enlightenment Throne" of the Buddha. This would tend to suggest direct Kushan influence in the area during the 3rd century CE. [British Museum display, Asian Art room.]

Notes

External links

* [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Huvishka Coins of Huvishka]
* [http://www.kushan.org/essays/huvishka/huvishka.htm] Was Huvishka sole king of the Kushan Empire
* [http://www.kushan.org/coins/huvishka/devaluation.htm] The Devaluation of the Coinage of Kanishka