Josiah Snelling

Josiah Snelling

Colonel Josiah Snelling was the first commander of Fort Snelling, a fort located at the confluence of the Mississippi River and Minnesota rivers in Minnesota. He was responsible for the initial design and construction of the fort, and he commanded it from 1820 through 1827. He had a reputation for being tough and fair-minded, but also had a mean temper when he was drunk. His second wife, Abigail Hunt Snelling, extended hospitality to visitors to the fort. She also founded a Sunday School for the fort's children and assisted families from Selkirk's Colony.

Lieutenant Colonel Henry Leavenworth was originally chosen to locate the fortification at the mouth of the St. Peter's River (the prior name of the Minnesota River) in 1819. His expedition started out in Green Bay, Wisconsin in May 1819, ascending the Fox River, then portaging to the Wisconsin River and following it downstream to its confluence with the Mississippi River at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. He remained at Fort Crawford with his soldiers until supplies arrived in August, 1819, and then the expedition traveled upriver to the confluence with the St. Peter's River. His soldiers originally built a winter settlement, known as Cantonment New Hope, two miles up the St. Peter's River from the confluence. The next spring, in anticipation of flooding, he moved the troops to higher ground at a site known as Camp Coldwater. This site was a mile up the Mississippi from the confluence of the rivers. Leavenworth was later relieved of his duty in August 1820 and succeeded by Colonel Josiah Snelling.

Life and career

Snelling, born in 1782, was the son of a prominent Boston banker. He married Elizabeth Bell and fathered a son, William Joseph Snelling, in 1804. His wife died in 1810. During the War of 1812, he received the rank of Captain and was sent to Fort Detroit, where he met and married Abigail Hunt. They had 5 children, Mary, Henry Hunt Snelling, James, Marion and Josiah. After the size of the army was reduced in 1815, Snelling spent about four years on the northern border of New York. In 1820, Snelling was promoted to Colonel of the 5th Regiment of Infantry and sent to oversee the construction of Fort St. Anthony. Snelling was concerned about the unhealthy living conditions of the temporary quarters at Cantonment New Hope on the St. Peter's River. He traveled upriver from St. Louis and arrived at the cantonment on September 5, 1820, and immediately started the relocation and design of the new fort.

Colonel Snelling located the fort on a bluff above the river junction, and with the aid of Lieutenant Robert McCabe, designed the fort as an elongated diamond. The western point of the diamond had a large round tower, about thirty feet high and thirty feet in diameter, with musket ports in the sides a cannon on the top. The eastern point of the diamond was designed with a half-moon battery. Two smaller batteries on the north and south sides were built for infantry and cannon. Eight interior buildings of the fort were built from locally-quarried limestone, while two other buildings were built from white pine, cut from around the Rum River area. The fort had no formal architect. All of the manpower of designing and building the fort came from Snelling's own troops.

The heavy limestone walls of the fort were constructed on a scale beyond many other frontier fortifications, suggesting America's intentions toward westward expansion. Major General Brown had the opinion that a frontier fort of this nature should be built for permanency and independence, since the distance from any other military posts would make assistance difficult to obtain if any battles would break out. On the other hand, the idea of a large, permanent fortress to rule over the entire territory may have been overkill, since the usual pattern of westward expansion was to build temporary fortresses ahead of the line of settlement, shifting soldiers along the way.

The Army, recognizing the importance of fresh fruit and vegetables in a soldier's diet, made post commanders responsible for establishing gardens. Colonel Snelling started cultivation in 1820, planting corn and potatoes in about 90 acres of river bottomland. Over the next few years, construction of the fort and cultivation of the gardens took priority over military duties. Snelling recognized that the fort should strive toward self-sufficiency, especially since the government stopped paying for seed in 1821 and since the government often delivered spoiled food or starving cattle. By 1823, nearly two hundred acres were being cultivated, about half of which were used for growing wheat. Snelling established a grist mill at Saint Anthony Falls to grind the wheat into flour, using millstones from St. Louis. About 100 barrels of flour were produced in 1823.

In order to deal peacefully with the Indians, Snelling partnered with Indian Agent Lawrence Taliaferro. Taliaferro built a council house west of the fort in 1823, where he carefully distributed government food and supplies and provided other services to the Indians. Taliaferro's cooperation with the Indians ensured good relations and helped to avert open hostilities between the Ojibwe and the Sioux.

Colonel Snelling's health began to decline in early 1826, and the prescribed treatment of opium and brandy accelerated his alcoholism. He left the fort in October 1827 and died in Washington, D.C. the following summer.

References

*
* Reichardt, Mary R. (1999). "SNELLING, William Joseph", "American National Biography", Vol. 10. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195206357.
*
*


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужен реферат?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Josiah Snelling — Colonel Josiah Snelling Josiah Snelling (1782 à Boston 20 août 1829 à Washington D.C.), militaire américain, fut le premier commandant de Fort Snelling, fort situé au confluent du Mississippi et de la Minnesota dans l actuel État du …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Snelling — can refer to:People* Barbara Snelling, American politician * Charles Snelling (athlete) * Charles Melton Snelling, first Chancellor of the University System of Georgia * Chris Snelling, baseball player * Diane B. Snelling, politician * Jack… …   Wikipedia

  • Josiah Grout — Jr. (* 28. Mai 1841 in Québec, Kanada; † 19. Juli 1925 in Derby Line, Vermont) war ein US amerikanischer Politiker und von 1896 bis 1898 Gouverneur des Bundesstaates Vermont …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • William Joseph Snelling — (December 26, 1804–December 24, 1848) was an American adventurer, writer, poet, and journalist. His short stories about American Indian life were the first to attempt to accurately portray the Plains Indians and among the first attempts at… …   Wikipedia

  • Fort Snelling, Minnesota — Infobox nrhp | name =Fort Snelling nrhp type =nhl caption =Fort Snelling s round tower nearest city= Across Mississippi River from St. Paul, at 7th St. Bridge, St. Paul, Minnesota area = lat degrees = 44 | lat minutes = 53 | lat seconds = 34 |… …   Wikipedia

  • Fort Snelling — Fort Snelling, en service de 1825 à 1946. Fort Snelling est une ancienne fortification militaire située au confluent du Minnesota et du Mississippi dans le Comté de Hennepin (Minnesota). Il fut construit entre 1820 et 1825 et nommé Fort St. Antho …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Fort Snelling — (1870 80) Turm von Fort Snelling …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Richard Arkwright Snelling — (* 18. Februar 1927 in Allentown, Pennsylvania; † 13. August 1991 in Shelburne, Vermont) war ein US amerikanischer Politiker und Mitglied der Republikanischen Partei. Leben Snelling wurde 1927 in Allentown, Pennsylvania geboren. Während des… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • SS John Stagg — The side launch of the SS John Stagg, 7 July 1943 Career Name: John Stagg (1943 50) Takoil (1950 54) National Servant …   Wikipedia

  • History of Minnesota — Fort Snelling played a pivotal role in Minnesota s history and in development of nearby Minneapolis and Saint Paul The history of the U.S. state of Minnesota is shaped by its original Native American residents, European exploration and settlement …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”