Room air distribution

Characterizing how air is introduced to, flows through, and is removed from spaces is called room air distribution. [Fundamentals volume of the "ASHRAE Handbook", Atlanta, GA, USA, 2005] HVAC airflow in spaces generally can be classified by two different types: "mixing" (or dilution) and "displacement".

Mixing Systems

Mixing systems generally supply air in a manner that the air in the entire room is fully mixed. In cooling mode, the cool supply air, typically around 55°F (saturated) at design conditions, exits an outlet at high velocity, inducing room air to provide mixing and temperature equalization. Because the entire room is near-fully mixed, temperature variations are small while the contaminant concentration is fairly uniform throughout the entire room. To enhance the mixing, diffusers are normally used as the air outlets. Most often, the air outlets and inlets are placed in the ceiling, via a ceiling plenum; this arrangement is known as 'conventional room air distribution'. ["Designer's Guide to Ceiling-Based Room Air Diffusion", Rock and Zhu, ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA, 2002]

Outlet Types

*Group A: In or near ceiling, horizontal dischargeASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals, 1997]
*Group B: In or near floor, vertical non-spreading discharge
*Group C: In or near floor, vertical spreading discharge
*Group D: In or near floor, horizontal discharge
*Group E: In or near ceiling, vertical discharge

Displacement Ventilation

Displacement systems introduce air at low velocities to cause minimal induction and mixing. This system is primarily used for ventilation and space cooling applications. The displacement outlets are usually located at or near the floor. The system utilizes buoyancy forces (generated by heat sources such as people, lighting, computers, electrical equipment, etc.) in a room to move contaminants and heat from the occupied zone to the return or exhaust grilles above. By doing so, the air quality in the occupied zone is generally superior to that achieved with mixing room air distribution. If air mixing is encouraged at the floor level, this type of floor-to-ceiling room air distribution is known as "underfloor air distribution" (UFAD); if mixing is discouraged, it is "displacement".

Displacement room airflow presents an opportunity to improve both the thermal comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ) of the occupied space. It also takes advantage of the difference in air density between an upper contaminated zone and a lower clean zone. Cool air is supplied at low velocity into the lower zone. Convection from heat sources creates vertical air motion into the upper zone where high level return inlets extract the air. In most cases these convection heat sources are also the contamination sources (e.g., people, equipment, or processes), thereby carrying the contaminants up to the upper zone, away from the occupants.

Air outlets are typically located at or near the floor level and air is supplied directly into the occupied zone. This supply air is spread over the entire floor and then rises as it is heated by the heat sources in the occupied zone. Returns are typically located at or close to the ceiling and exhaust the warm contaminated air.

Since the conditioned air is supplied directly into the occupied space, supply air temperatures must be higher than mixing systems (usually above 63°F) to avoid cool temperatures at the floor. By introducing the air at elevated supply air temperatures and low outlet velocity a high level of thermal comfort can be provided with displacement ventilation.

ee also

* Duct (HVAC)
* HVAC
* Indoor air quality
* Thermal comfort
* Air conditioning
* ASHRAE
* SMACNA

References