List of apex predators

This is a partial list of apex predators - those predators that are not preyed upon as healthy adults in the wild.

Extant predators

On land

*African Rock Python [http://www.kidsgowild.com/kidsgowild/animalfacts/87891/87905]
*African Wild Dog
*American Badger
*American Black Bear
*Asiatic Black Bear
*Boa Constrictor
*Bornean Clouded Leopard
*Brown Bear
*Brown Tree Snake*
*Cane Toad
*Caracal
*Cat* [Meng Fan, Yang Kuang, and Zhilan Feng (September 2005). "Cats protecting birds revisited". Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 67(5): 1081-1106. ISSN: 0092-8240. Retrieved on 2006-12-19.]
*Chimpanzee
*Clouded Leopard
*Cougar
*Culpeo*
*Dhole
*Dingo
*Dog*
*European Badger
*Eurasian Lynx
*Fossa
*Gray Wolf
*Green Anaconda
*Human
*Jaguar
*King Cobra
*Komodo Dragon
*Lion
*Maned Wolf
*Perentie
*Polar Bear
*Ratel
*Red Wolf
*Reticulated Python
*Snow Leopard
*Spotted Hyena
*Tasmanian Devil
*Tiger
*Tiger Quoll
*Wolverine

In the air

*Antarctic Skua
*Bald Eagle
*Blakiston's Fish Owl
*Crested Eagle
*Eurasian Eagle Owl
*Golden Eagle
*Great Horned Owl
*Harpy Eagle
*Harrier Hawk
*New Guinea Harpy Eagle
*Philippine Eagle

In aquatic environments

*Alligator Snapping Turtle
*Alligator Gar
*American Alligator
*American Crocodile
*Arapaima
*Baikal Seal
*Beluga Sturgeon
*Black Marlin
*Boto
*Bull Shark
*Common Snapping Turtle
*Electric Catfish
*Electric Eel [Citation|title=ELECTROPHORUS ELECTRICUS|url=http://helium.vancouver.wsu.edu/~ingalls/eels/index.html]
*Electric Ray
*False Gharial
*Gharial
*Giant Otter
*Giant Salamander
*Giant Snakehead
*Giant Trevally [DeMartini, Edward E., Friedlander, Alan M., and Holzwarth, Stephani R. (2005). "Size at sex change in protogynous labroids, prey body size distributions, and apex predator densities at NW Hawaiian atolls". Marine ecology progress series 297: 259 -271. ISSN: 0171-8630. Retrieved on 2006-12-21.]
*Great Barracuda
*Great White Shark [cite book|last=Cerullo|first=Mary M. |coauthors=Jeffrey L. Rotman|title=The Truth about Great White Sharks|publisher=Chronicle Books|date=2000|pages=35|isbn=0811824675|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_4RGBZrMjDMC&pg=PT42&dq=apex+predator&lr=&sig=necvXlfdbN-fWRAnk07xRSnDA2A|accessdate=2008-06-05]
*Lake TroutLepak, Jesse M., Kraft, Clifford E., and Weidel, Brian C. (2006). "Rapid Food Web Recovery in Response to Removal of an Introduced Apex Predator". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63(3): 569-575. ISSN: 0706-652X. Retrieved on 2006-12-13.]
*Large Mouth Bass
*Leopard Seal [ Kuhn, Carey E., McDonald, Birgitte I., Shaffer, Scott A., Barnes, Julie, Crocker, Daniel E., Burns, Jennifer, and Costa, Daniel P. (2006). "Diving physiology and winter foraging behavior of a juvenile leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx)". Polar Biology 29(4): 303-307. ISSN: 0722-4060. Retrieved on 2006-12-21.]
*Lionfish
*Moray Eel
*Murray Cod
*Muskellunge
*Nile Crocodile
*North Pacific Giant Octopus
*Northern Pike
*Orca
*Salmon shark
*Saltwater Crocodile
*Smallmouth Bass
*Sperm Whale
*Tiger Shark
*Walleye
*Whale Shark

Notes: Animals with an "*" are only apex predators as introduced species

Extinct predators that were likely apex predators

*"Acrocanthosaurus"
*"Allosaurus"
*"Albertosaurus"
*"Andrewsarchus"
*"Anomalocaris"
*"Arctodus simus" (Short-Faced Bear)
*Baiji (Chinese river dolphin, apparently extinct in 2007)
*"Baryonyx"
*"Basilosaurus"
*"Brygmophyseter"
*"Cameroceras"
*"Canis dirus" (Dire Wolf)
*"Carcharodontosaurus"
*"Dakosaurus"
*"Deinosuchus"
*"Deltadromeus"
*"Dilophosaurus"
*"Dimetrodon"
*"Dunkleosteus" [Citenews|title=Ancient Fish Had Fiercest Bite|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/03/AR2006120301131.html?nav=E8|publisher=washingtonpost]
*Falkland Island Fox [cite web
title = Rare & Extinct Creatures: Warrah or Falkland Islands Wolf
work = The Messybeast
url = http://www.messybeast.com/extinct/warrah.htm
format = HTML
accessdate = 2008-03-29]
*"Gastornis"
*"Giganotosaurus"
*"Gorgonops"
*"Gorgosaurus"
*Haast's Eagle
*"Hyaenodon"
*"Kronosaurus"
*"Liopleurodon"
*"Majungasaurus"
*"Carcharodon megalodon" [Citenews|last=Loft|first=Kurt|title=Museum Opens Giant Shark Exhibit|url=http://www.tbo.com/news/scitech/MGBJ4K8Y13F.html|publisher=TBO]
*"Megalania"
*"Megalosaurus"
*Neanderthal
*"Phorusrhacos"
*"Postosuchus"
*"Sarcosuchus"
*"Smilodon" (Saber-toothed Tiger)
*"Spinosaurus"
*"Tarbosaurus"
*"Tarascosaurus"
*Thylacine
*"Tylosaurus"
*"Tyrannosaurus"
*"Utahraptor"

References