Artemidorus

:"There is another Artemidorus Ephesius, a geographer who lived between the 2nd and 1st centuries BC."Artemidorus Daldianus or Ephesius was a professional diviner and author known for an extant five-volume Greek work "Oneirocritica", (English: "The Interpretation of Dreams"). Artemidorus was surnamed "Ephesius", from Ephesus, on the west coast of Asia Minor, but was also called "Daldianus," from his mother's native city, Daldis in Lycia. He lived in the second century.

According to Artemidorus, the material for his work was gathered during lengthy travels through Greece, Italy and Asia, from diviners of high and low station. Another major source were the writings of Artemidorus' predecessors, sixteen of whom he cites by name. It is clear he built on a rich written tradition, now otherwise lost. Artemidorus' method is, at root, analogical. He writes that dream interpretation is "nothing other that the juxtaposition of similarities" (2.25). But like other types of Greek divination, including astrology, celestial divination and pallomancy, Greek dream divination (Oneiromancy) became exceedingly complex, a given dream subject to a number of interpretations depending on secondary considerations, such as the age, sex and status of the dreamer. At other times, subtle distinctions within the dream itself are significant. In a particularly memorable passage, Artemidorus expounds upon the meaning of dreams involving sex with one's mother:

:"The case of one's mother is both complex and manifold and admits of many different interpretations—a thing not all dream interpreters have realized. The fact is that the mere act of intercourse by itself is not enough to show what is portended. Rather, the manner of the embraces and the various positions of the bodies indicate different outcomes." "(Trans. Robert J. White)"

There follows a lengthy and minute recitation of the divinatory significance of enjoying one's mother in various sexual positions.

The first three books of the "Oneirocritica" are dedicated to one Cassius Maximus and were intended to serve as a detailed introduction for both diviners and the general public. Books four and five were written for Artemidorus' son, also Artemidorus, to give him a leg-up on competitors, and Artemidorus cautions him about making copies.

According to the "Suda" (Alpha 4025), Artemidorus also penned a "Oeonoscopica" (Interpretation of Birds) and the "Chiroscopica" (Palmistry), but neither has survived, and the authorship is discounted. In the "Oneirocritica" Artemidorus displays a hostile attitude to palmistry.

Among the authors Artemidorus cites are Antiphon (possibly the same as Antiphon the Sophist), Aristander of Telmessus, Demetrius of Phalerum, Alexander of Myndus in Caria, and Artemon of Miletus. The fragments of these authors, from Artemidorus and other sources, were collected by Del Corno in his "Graecorum de re onirocritica scriptorum reliquiae" (1969).

Editions and translations

*The definitive edition of the Greek text is by Roger Pack, "Artemidori Daldiani Onirocriticon Libri V" (Teubner 1963)
*A medieval Arabic version was made of the first three books (ie., the "public" books) in 877 by Hunayn ibn Ishaq, and published by Toufic Fahd with a French translation in 1964 under the title "Le livre des songes [par] Artémidore d'Éphèse"
*The most recent English translation is by R.J. White, "The Interpretation of Dreams" (Park Ridge, NJ, 1975). White's original translation is not in print, but was reformatted for the non-academic market (ISBN 0-944558-03-8); key images appear in boldface type and are indexed at the end.
*The most recent Italian translation is by Dario Del Corno, "Libro dei sogni" (1974)
*The most recent French translation is by A. J. Festugière, "Clef des Songes" (1975)
*The "fragments" of other Greco-Roman oneirocritic authors were compiled by Dario Del Corno in his "Graecorum de re Onirocritica Scriptorum Reliquiae" (1969), with commentary in Italian. As many of the fragments are preserved by Artemidorus, Del Corno's work is also a partial commentary to the "Oneirocritica".
*There is also a Dutch translation, by Simone Mooij-Valk, called "Droomboek" (2003)

External links

* [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/wcd/Artemidorus Wiki Classical Dictionary: Artemidorus] , incorporating entry from Charles Smith's "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography…" (1867)
* [http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?db=REAL&search_method=QUERY&login=guest&enlogin=guest&user_list=LIST&page_num=1&searchstr=Artemidoros%2C+Artemidorus&field=hw_eng&num_per_page=100 Suda Online: Artemidorus]
* [http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/astdiv/3.html Ancient Divination and Astrology on the Web, Dream interpretation resources]