Victorian Railways H class

Infobox Locomotive
name = Victorian Railways H class


caption = Victorian Railways builder's photograph of H 220, 1941
powertype = steam
data for = Victorian Railways H class
builder = VR Newport Workshops
whytetype = 4-8-4
numinclass = 1
length = 92 ft 5¾ in (28.19 m)
driversize = 67 in (1702 mm)
weight = 146 t 10 cwt (148.9 t) (engine)
113 t 11 cwt (117.4 t) (tender)
260 t 1 cwt (264.2 t) (total)
tenderc

weightondrivers = 92 t 12 cwt (94.1 t)
cylindercount = 3
cylindersize = 21½×28 in (546×711 mm)
tractiveeffort = 55,000 lbf (245 kN) at 85% boiler pressure
axleload = 23 t 5 cwt (23.6 t)
totalsurface = 4,760 ft² (442 m²)
boilerpressure = 220 psi (1.52 MPa)
firearea = 68 ft² (6.3 m²)

The H class was an express passenger steam locomotive that ran on Victorian Railways from 1941 to 1958. Intended to eliminate the use of double heading A2 class locomotives on "Overland" services on the steeply graded Western line to Adelaide, wartime restrictions led to only one locomotive being built. Nicknamed "Heavy Harry", H 220 was the largest locomotive ever built in Australia, the largest non-articulated steam locomotive to run on Australian railways, and until the advent of the NR class in 1996, the most powerful locomotive in Australia.

History

By the late 1930s, the aging A2 class 4-6-0 locomotives, first introduced in 1907, were hauling passenger trains far heavier than those for which their designers had intended them. The S class 4-6-2 'Pacifics' had displaced them from North-eastern line services from 1928 onwards and allowed a faster timetable to be introduced; however, a Pacific-type locomotive was not necessarily ideally suited for the Western line. The section between Melbourne and Ballarat had sharply curved, steep inclines, the most notorious of which was the 10-mile, 1 in 48 gradient of the Ingliston bank.cite web|url=http://www.railwaymuseum.org.au/whattosee_h220.html|title = ARHS Railway Museum: What to see - H220|accessdate = 2006-10-15] The VR opted to design a new locomotive for the task.

Design brief

In 1936, the major design requirements were finalised by the Victorian Railways Design Office for a steam locomotive that was capable of hauling a load of 550 tons (560 t) at minimum 20 mph (32 km/h) up Ingliston Bank.cite web|url=http://www.railwaymuseum.org.au/whattosee_h220.html|title = ARHS Railway Museum: What to see - H220|accessdate = 2006-10-15] In order to develop the power required, a very large grate was required, as well as a very large boiler. A 4-8-4 locomotive, with a four-wheel trailing truck to support a large firebox and four coupled axles to support a large boiler and ensure a good factor of adhesion, would have seemed the logical choice.

VR designers wished to improve on aspects of the earlier S class design. These three-cylinder Pacifics, although capable of hauling heavy loads at high speed, had in practice proved to be relatively maintenance-intensive, particularly with regard to the servicing of the valve gear and motion for their third (inside) cylinder. The Gresley conjugated valve gear, driven from the valve spindles of the outside cylinder piston valves, was prone to heat expansion and wear (causing timing difficulties) and required dismantling and removal whenever the centre cylinder valve required service.cite book| author=Oberg, Leon |date=2007 |title=Locomotives of Australia 1854-2007 |publisher=Rosenberg Publishing| page=p. 201 |isbn=1877058548]

To this end, the H class had a significantly different arrangement for its third cylinder. A German Henschel und Sohn conjugated valve gear mechanism, driven from the combination levers of the Walschaert valve gear for the outside cylinders, was utilised in favour of the Gresley mechanism.cite book| author= Lee, Robert |title=The Railways of Victoria 1854-2004 | pages=p.165 |publisher=Melbourne University Publishing Ltd |isbn=9780522851342 ] [cite web|url=http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/images/12800/12800-00001-000167-190.asp|title=Public Records Office Victoria - VPRS 12800/P1 H 4584C| accessdate=2006-11-06| ] The inside cylinder was also positioned further forward of the outside cylinders and drove the leading coupled axle, with the outside cylinders driving the second coupled axle.Pearce et al, p. 19]

The H class also became the first VR locomotive to feature a mechanical stoker, and boasted many other modern features such as roller bearings, hydrostatically controlled load compensating brake gear on the tendercite book |last=Dunn |coauthors=et al |title=Super Power on the VR: Victorian Railways 4-8-4 'H' Class Pocono |publisher=Train Hobby Publications |year=2006 |location=Melbourne |isbn=1-921122-07-2 |pages=p. 31] , power-operated reversing gear, American-style bar frame construction, thermic siphons, and duplex blast pipes.Pearce et al, p. 19]

Production

Construction of three H class locomotives at VR's Newport Workshops commenced in 1939 and three sets of frames were manufactured, [cite web| url=http://www.railwaymuseum.org.au/history2.html| title=AHRS Railway Museum: History 1900 - 1950| accessdate=2008-05-04| publisher=Australian Railway Historical Society] however work was halted due to the outbreak of war. Due to a shortage of motive power caused by increased wartime traffic, completion of class leader H 220 was authorised and the locomotive went into service on 7 February 1941.

The two additional, partly-built H class locomotives remained incomplete as wartime production of armaments (and later postwar rebuilding of badly run-down infrastructure) took precedence over express passenger locomotive construction. They were never completed,cite book |last=Dunn |coauthors=et al |title=Super Power on the VR: Victorian Railways 4-8-4 'H' Class Pocono |publisher=Train Hobby Publications |year=2006 |location=Melbourne |isbn=1-921122-07-2 |pages=p. 15] and the parts were subsequently scrapped.

ervice life

Although it had been built to work the Western line to Ararat, a number of bridges along the route required strengthening before the H class locomotive with its 23¼ ton axle load could enter regular service on this line. This work was deferred due to wartime restrictions on available resources. As such, H 220 was put to work on the only line able to accommodate its loading gauge and high axle load: the North-Eastern line to Albury, where it hauled express passenger services, fast goods services, troop trains, and on the odd occasion when the regular S class Pacific was not available, the "Spirit of Progress". H 220 gave an indication of its capabilities on one such run of the "Spirit" in the late 1940s by reportedly topping the convert|5|mi|km|lk=on|adj=on|sigfig=1 long 1 in 50 Glenroy Bank at convert|45|mi/h|km/h|lk=on|abbr=on (three times the typical S class-hauled speed at this point [cite journal | year = 1953 | month = May | title = L 1150 makes the grade | journal = The Victorian Railways Newsletter | url = http://www.victorianrailways.net/motive%20power/lelec.html | accessdate = 2007-05-26] ) and going on to pass Seymour 13 minutes ahead of schedule and arrive at Albury at 20 minutes ahead of the 10:40 pm scheduled arrival time.cite journal | author = Holmes, Lloyd | date = February 1991 | title = Some memories of H 220 | journal = Newsrail | volume = Volume 19 | issue = Issue 2 | pages = p. 44 | id = ISSN 0 310-7477 ]

H 220 never operated in its intended role as power for "The Overland", although it did make a brief appearance on the Western line in 1949 when it ran a series of trials with the VR dynamometer car on goods trains from Melbourne to Ballarat. Results from the dynamometer car showed that the locomotive developed around 3,300 drawbar horsepower (2,460 kW) at 47.5 mph (76 km/h), and a starting drawbar tractive effort of 52,000 lbf (230 kN). [cite web|url=http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/images/12903/12903-p00001-000806-010.asp|title= Public Record Office Victoria - VPRS 12903/P1 Box 626/08 Dynamometer Car Tests Locomotive H220|accessdate=2006-11-08|] The Australian Railway Historical Society, in listing the introduction of H 220 among its '100 defining aspects of Australian railways' noted test results as high as 3,600 horsepower (2,680 kW) at 50 mph(80km/h) were recorded, a power output unequalled in Australia during the steam era and only equalled in the modern era by the Australian National NR class. [cite web| url=http://www.arhsnsw.com.au/docs/100da.pdf |title= 100 defining aspects of Australian railways |publisher=Australian Railway Historical Society| accessdate=2008-05-10]

With diesel-electric locomotives taking over North-eastern line passenger services from 1952, H 220 was used as a fast goods locomotive. It typically hauled five return trips a week between Melbourne and Wodonga, covering around 1,875 miles (3,017 km) per week and hauling loads of up to 820 tons (833 t) on each journey, which included climbing gradients of 1 in 50.cite book |last=Dunn |coauthors=et al |title=Super Power on the VR: Victorian Railways 4-8-4 'H' Class Pocono |publisher=Train Hobby Publications |year=2006 |location=Melbourne |isbn=1-921122-07-2 |pages=p. 28]

From all accounts, H 220 was a success even though it spent its life hauling services and operating on a line it was not specifically designed for. Although one-off locomotives are often consigned to a short operating life or underutilised due to non-standardisation of parts and maintenance requirements, H 220 remained in service until finally being superseded by diesel electric locomotives in the late 1950s. In a service life of 15 years 3 months, it clocked up a total of 821,860 miles (1,322,660 km),Pearce et al, p. 19] averaging over 4,800 miles per month.

Demise

Even after the war, upgrades on the line to Ararat necessary for H class operation were not made as the VR struggled with a backlog of maintenance work during the 1940s. When the VR finally embarked on major capital investment in the early 1950s, diesel and electric traction were now under consideration. Although diesel locomotives of the early 1950s typically had far lower power outputs than the H class, they could be run in multiple-unit operation with one crew controlling two or more locomotives. In 1952, two B class diesel electric locomotives established their credentials during trials hauling a 1,300 ton load up Ingliston bank [cite web|url=http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/images/12800/12800-00001-000102-480.asp|title=Public Record Office Victoria VPRS 12800/P1 H 2545|accessdate=2006-11-08|] , effectively providing the same (if not better) performance as the H class but without the heavy axle load and requirements for upgraded infrastructure. They became the new motive power not only for "The Overland", but also mainline goods service as well. The days of mainline steam locomotives were now numbered.

H 220 continued in service until it was withdrawn for an overhaul on 20 May 1956. By this time, the C and X class heavy goods locomotives were now being withdrawn from service and scrapped as B class diesel electrics and L class electric locomotives made them redundant. H 220 was stored rather than overhauled, and never returned to service. It was written off the VR locomotive register on 30 April 1958.

Preservation

H 220 survived more-or-less intact until 1960, when the Australian Railway Historical Society successfully lobbied for the establishment of a railway museum. H 220 entered the museum at North Williamstown in 1962, and since this date has appeared as its star exhibit. Although VR built two further classes of steam locomotive after the H (the 1951 R class 4-6-4 and 1954 J class 2-8-0), the H class is regarded as the ultimate example of VR's former design and manufacturing capability.

In April 2008, 50 years after its official withdrawal from service, H 220 was added to the Victorian Heritage Register. Heritage Council chairman Chris Gallagher noted that H 220 represented the peak of steam motive power technology in Victoria and warranted the state's highest level of heritage protection. [cite news| url=http://www.leadernews.com.au/article/2008/04/29/34102_htv_news.html| title=Heavy metal gong| publisher=leadernews.com.au| date=2008-04-29| author=Tzobanakis, Stella | accessdate=2008-05-20| ]

It is believed that H 220 is now the world's only remaining example of a three-cylinder 4-8-4. [(based on SNCF 242A1 and DR BR 06 4-8-4 locomotives being scrapped) cite web|url=http://www.steamtrainartist.com/text_steam_train_PL1058.html|title=VICTORIAN RAILWAYS H CLASS 4-8-4|accessdate=2006-11-06|]

References

* Dee et al, "Power Parade", VicRail Public Relations Division, Melbourne, 1981, ISBN 978-0-7241-3323-9
* Pearce et al, "North Williamstown Railway Museum", ARHS, Melbourne, 1980, ISBN 978-0-85849-018-5

Specific

External links

* [http://www.victorianrailways.net/photogallery/northeast/glenba.html victorianrailways.net Glenroy Bank] - comparison photographs of H 220 (in 1941) and a modern V/Line diesel electric locomotive (in 2004) both hauling passenger services past the same vantage point, 63 years apart.
* [http://www.victorianrailways.net/photogallery/northeast/h220sey.html victorianrailways.net Seymour] - H 220 on a livestock train, circa 1950. The valance below the cab appears to have been removed by this time.
* [http://www.steamlocomotive.com/australia/data.shtml#7687 steamlocomotive.com Locobase #7687]
* [http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/railways/theme.aspx?lvl=3&IRN=500&gall=659 Museum of Victoria - Victorian Railways] - H Class Loco 'Heavy Harry'
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20040729092617/www.wandong.net/index.php?page=photo&filename=DSC00275.jpgWandong Live Steam] - Photograph of a 5" gauge live steam model of H 220, adjacent to a New York Central Railroad 4-8-2 'Mohawk'. An interesting comparison of the relative loading gauge constraints of the VR and NYCRR, most notably the 14' height constraint of the VR.