Jota (music)

The jota is a dance known throughout Spain, most likely originating in Aragon. It varies by region, and the jotas of Valencia, Aragon, Castile, Navarra, Cantabria, Asturias, Galicia and Murcia are the best known. Being a visual representation, the jota is danced and sung with accompaniment by castanets, and the interpreters tend to wear regional costumes. In Valencia, the jota was once danced during interment ceremonies.

The jota tends to have a 3/4 rhythm, although some authors maintain that the 6/8 is better adapted to the poetic and choreographic structure. For their interpretation, guitars, bandurrias, lutes, dulzaina, and drums are used in the Castilian style, while the Galicians use bagpipes, drums, and bombos. Theatrical versions are sung and danced with regional costumes and castanets, though such things are not used when dancing the jota in less formal settings. The content of the songs is quite diverse, from patriotism to religion to sexual exploits. In addition to this, the songs also have the effect of helping to generate a sense of local identity and cohesion.

The steps have an appearance not unlike that of the waltz, though in the case of the jota, there is much more variation. Furthermore, the lyrics tend to be written in eight-syllable quartets, with assonance in the first and third verses.

Some non-Spanish musicians have made use of the jota in various works:
*Georges Bizet, French composer (1838-1875), composed the opera Carmen which is set in Spain. The entr'acte to the fourth act ("Aragonaise") is a jota.
*Mikhail Glinka, Russian composer (1804-1857), After traveling through Spain, used a style derived from the jota in his work "The Aragonese Jota".
*Franz Liszt, Hungarian pianist and composer (1811-1886), wrote a jota for piano.
*Saint-Saëns, French composer (1835-1921), composed an orchestral jota, as did the Russian composer Balakirev (1837-1910).
*Raoul Laparra, French composer (1876-1943), composed an opera entitled "La jota".

The Aragonese Jota

The Aragonese jota is the best-known expression of Aragonese folklore. It dates as far back as the 18th century, and reached the pinnacle of its splendor in the 19th century. Due to the complexities of the dance steps and manner of singing, the jota has evolved. Since the end of the 19th century, heavily choreographed versions have often been made for zarzuelas, movies, contests, festivals, and other entertainments. The most pure forms of the jota can still be found in Calanda, Alcañiz, Andorra, Albalate, and Zaragoza.

Nowadays there exist many modern varieties of the jota which are performed by various folkloric groups. Among the most popular can be found: "Jota de San Lorenzo" (Huesca), "Jota Vieja", "Aragón Tierra Bravía", "Gigantes y Cabezudos", "La Dolores" (these last two are from zarzuelas of the same name), and the "danza de la Olivera".

The Castilian Jota

As noted earlier, the jota of Castile tends to be accompanied by guitars, bandurrias, lutes, dulzaina and drums. As the music plays, the dancers dance with hands atop their heads, accompanied at times by castanets. The jota of Castile has a more sober, less airy feel to it, while the steps are quicker and sharper than what is seen in the Aragonese version. The songs accompanying the jota, which are known for their wry humor, typically deal with life, love, weddings, (often giving advice to the newlyweds) or religion.

External links

* [http://adigital.pntic.mec.es/~javalamb/ History of the jota (In Spanish)]