Infobox_Disease
Name = Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Caption =
DiseasesDB = 14141
ICD10 = ICD10|Q|87|3|q|80
ICD9 =
ICDO =
OMIM = 130650
MedlinePlus =
eMedicineSubj = ped
eMedicineTopic = 218
MeshName = Beckwith-Wiedemann+Syndrome
MeshNumber = C16.131.077.133
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an overgrowth disorder present at birth characterized by an increased risk of childhood cancer and certain features. Five common features used to define BWS are: macroglossia (large tongue), macrosomia (birth weight and length >90th percentile), midline abdominal wall defects (omphalocele, umbilical hernia, diastasis recti), ear creases or ear pits, and neonatal hypoglycemia (low blood sugar after birth). [DeBaun MR, Tucker MA (1998). "Risk of cancer during the first four years of life in children from the Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Registry." "J Pediatr" 132:398-400. ]
Most children with BWS do not have all of these five features. In addition, some children with BWS have other findings including: nevus flammeus, prominent occiput, midface hypoplasia, hemihypertropy, genitourinary anomalies, cardiac anomalies, musculoskeletal abnormalities, and hearing loss. Also, some premature newborns with BWS do not have macroglossia until closer to their anticipated derlivery date. [Motodura T, Bloom T, Kim HG, Juppner H, Ruderman JV, Kronenberg HM, Arnold A (1991). "A novel cyclin encoded by a bcl1-linked candidate oncogene." "Nature" 350:512-515.]
Given the variation among individuals with BWS and the lack of a simple diagnostic test, identifying BWS can be difficult. In an attempt to standardized the classification of BWS, DeBaun et al have defined a child as having BWS if the child has been diagnosed by a physician as having BWS and if the child has at least two of the five common features associated with BWS (macroglossia, macrosomia, midline abdominal wall defects, ear creases/ear pits, neonatal hypoglycemia). [DeBaun MR, Niemitz EL, McNeil DE, Brandenburg SA, Lee MP, Feinberg AP (2002). "Epigenetic alterations of H19 and LIT1 distinguish patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome with cancer and birth defects." "Am J Hum Genet" 70:604-611.] Another definition presented by Elliot et al includes the presence of either three major features (anterior abdominal wall defect, macroglossia, or prepostnatal overgrowth) or two major plus three minor findings (ear pits, nevus flammeus, neonatal hypoglycemia, nephromegaly, or hemihyperplasia). [Elliott M, Bayly R, Cole T, Temple IK, Maher ER (1994). "Clinical features and natural history of Beckwith-Wiedemann sydrome: presentation of 74 new cases." "Clin Genet" 46:168-174.]
While most children with BWS do not develop cancer, children with BWS do have a significantly increased risk of cancer. Children with BWS are most at risk during early childhood and should receive cancer screening during this time.
In general, children with BWS do very well and grow up to become adults of normal size and intelligence, usually without the syndromic features of their childhood.
Occurrence
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome has an estimated incidence of one 13,700 [Thornburn MJ, Wright ES, Miller CG, Smith-Read EH. "Exomphalos-macroglossia-gigantism syndrome in Jamaican infants." "Am J Dis Child". 1970 Apr;119(4):316-321] , meaning that about 300 children with BWS are born each year in the United States. The exact incidence of BWS is unknown because of the marked variablility in the syndome's presentation and difficulties with diagnosis. The number of reported infants born with BWS is most likely low because many are born with BWS, but have clinical features that are less prominent and therefore missed. BWS has been documented in a variety or ethnic groups and occurs equally in males and females.
Historical
In the 1960s, Dr. J. Bruce Beckwith [Beckwith JB (1963). Extreme cytomegaly of the adrenal fetal cortex, omphalocele, hyperplasia of kidneys and pancreas, and Leydig cell hyperplasia - another syndrome? Annual Meeting of the Western Society for Pediatric Research, Los Angeles, CA.] , an American pathologist and Dr. Hans-Rudolf Wiedemann [Wiedemann HR (1964). "Familial malformation complex with umbilical hernia and macroglossia - a new syndrome?" J Genet Hum 13:223-232.] , a German pediatrician, independently reported cases of a proposed new syndrome. Originally termed EMG syndrome (for Exomphalos, Macroglossia, and Gigantism), this syndrome over time became known as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome or Wiedemann Beckwith syndrome.
Genetics
Most (>85%) cases of BWS are sporadic, meaning that usually no one else in that family has BWS and parents of an affected child are not at increased risk of having other children with BWS. However, some (<15%) cases of BWS are familial, meaning that someone else in that family may also have BWS and parents of an affected child may be at increased risk of having other children with BWS. BWS has been shown to specifically involve problems with a defined region on the short arm of chromosome 11 referred to as 11p15. This region contains genes that are imprinted. Imprinted genes are unique in that they are expressed differently depending on whether they came from the mother (maternal copy) or father (paternal copy). Most genes are not imprinted and both the maternal and paternal copies of the gene are actively expressed. In imprinted genes, only one parental copy is active; the other copy is silent. In some imprinted genes only the maternal copy is active, while in other cases only the paternal copy is active.
Unlike other genetic disorders which often can only be caused by one genetic defect, BWS can be caused by a range of different defects. Over five distinct errors involving 11p15 have been identified in different BWS patients. Some patients have maternal chromosomal rearrangements of 11p15, meaning that there is a disruption of the chromosome in this region. Other patients have paternal uniparental disomy (UPD) of 11p15, meaning that the maternal copy of this region is replaced with an extra paternal copy. Many other patients have abnormal DNA methylation in different areas of 11p15, meaning that normal epigenetic marks that regulate imprinted genes in this region are altered. A few other patients have a mutation of a single gene located within 11p15.
Additionally, even after extensive molecular testing, the specific defect causing BWS in an affected individual may remain unknown. In about 1/3 of BWS patients, the genetic or epigenetic mutation is unknown. This fact demonstrates why BWS remains a clinical diagnosis because physicians cannot identify and test for all the genetic causes of BWS. The clinical definition used for BWS is limited because no standard diagnostic criteria exist that have been independently verified with patients who have either genetic or epigenetic mutations. When molecular analyses were completed in children who met a research criteria for BWS, only 7 of 10 children had genetic or epigenetic mutations. [DeBaun MR, Niemitz EL, McNeil DE, Brandenburg SA, Lee MP, Feinberg AP (2002). "Epigenetic alterations of H19 and LIT1 distinguish patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome with cancer and birth defects." "Am J Hum Genet" 70:604-611.] The absence of a mutation in a child with clinical fidnings suffestive of BWS should not preclude a diagnosis of BWS.
Given that the genetics of BWS are complex, a child with BWS should be under the medical care of a geneticist or an expert in the management of BWS.
Children conceived by in vitro fertilisation (IVF) are three to four times more likely to develop the condition.[cite journal |author=Gosden R, Trasler J, Lucifero D, Faddy M |title=Rare congenital disorders, imprinted genes, and assisted reproductive technology |journal=Lancet |volume=361 |issue=9373 |pages=1975–7 |year=2003 |pmid=12801753 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13592-1] ]Management
Abdominal wall defects are common in newborns with BWS and may require surgical treatment. These defects can range in severity from omphalocele (most serious) to umbilical hernia and diastasis recti (least serious). An "omphalocele" is a congenital malformation in which a newborn’s intestines, and sometimes other abdominal organs, protrude out of the abdomen through the umbilicus. Newborns with an omphalocele typically require surgery to place the abdominal contents back into the abdomen in order to prevent serious infection or shock. An "umbilical hernia" is also a defect in which abdominal contents come through weak abdominal wall muscle at the umbilicus. In general, newborns with umbilical hernias do not require treatment because often these hernias spontaneously close by age four. If, after this time, a hernia is still present, surgery may be recommended. "Diastasis recti" is a separation of the left and right sides of the rectus abdominis muscle that are normally joined together. Children with diastasis recti usually require no treatment because the condition resolves as the child grows.
Neonatal hypoglycemia, low blood glucose in the first month of life, occurs in about half of children with BWS [DeBaun MR, King AA, While N (2000). "Hypoglycemia in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome." "Semin Perinatol" 24: 164-171.] . Most of these hypoglycemic newborns are asymptomatic and have a normal blood glucose level within days. However, untreated persistent hypoglycemia can lead to permanent brain damage. Hypoglycemia in newborns with BWS should be managed according to standard protocols for treating neonatal hypoglycemia. Usually this hypoglycemia can easily be treated with more frequent feedings or medical doses of glucose. Rarely (<5%) children with BWS will continue to have hypoglycemia after the neonatal period and require more intensive treatment [DeBaun MR, Niemitz EL, McNeil DE, Brandenburg SA, Lee MP, Feinberg AP (2002). "Epigenetic alterations of H19 and LIT1 distinguish patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome with cancer and birth defects." "Am J Hum Genet" 70:604-611.] . Such children may require tube feedings, oral hyperglycemic medicines, or a partial pancreatectomy.
Macroglossia, a large tongue, is a very common (>90%) and prominent feature of BWS. Infants with BWS and macroglossia typically cannot fully close their mouth in front of their large tongue, causing it to protrude out. Macroglossia in BWS becomes less noticeable with age and often requires no treatment; but it does cause problems for some children with BWS. In severe cases, macroglossia can cause respiratory, feeding, and speech difficulties. Children with BWS and significant macroglossia should be evaluated by a craniofacial team.
The best time to perform surgery for a large tongue is not known. Some surgeons recommend performing the surgery between 3 and 6 months of age. Surgery for macroglossia involves removing a small part of the tongue so that it fits within the mouth to allow for proper jaw and tooth development.
Nevus flammeus (port-wine stain) is a flat, red birthmark caused by a capillary (small blood vessel) malformation. Children with BWS often have nevus flammeus on their forehead or the back of their neck. Nevus flammeus is benign and commonly does not require any treatment.
Hemihypertrophy (hemihyperplasia) is an abnormal asymmetry between the left and right sides of the body occurring when one part of the body grows faster than normal. Children with BWS and hemihypertrophy can have an isolated asymmetry of one body part, or they can have a difference affecting the entire one side of the body. Individuals who do not have BWS can also have hemihypertrophy. Isolated hemihypertrophy is associated with a higher risk for cancer [Hoyme HE, Seaver LH, Jones KL, Procopio F, Crooks W, Feingold M. "Isolated hemihyperplasia (hemihypertrophy): report of a prospective multicenter study of the incidence of neoplasia and review.' "Am J Med Genet" 1998; 79:274-8] . The types of cancer and age of the cancers are similar to children with BWS. As a result children with hemihypertrophy should follow the general cancer screening protocol for BWS.
Hemihypertrophy can also cause various orthopedic problems, so children with significant limb hemihyperplasia should be evaluated and followed by an orthopedic surgeon.
Finally hemihyperplasia affecting the face can sometimes cause significant cosmetic concerns that may be addressed by a cranial facial team.
Cancer
Most children (>80%) with BWS do not develop cancer; however, children with BWS are much more likely (~600 times more) than other children to develop certain childhood cancers, particularly Wilms tumor and hepatoblastoma [DeBaun MR, Tucker MA (1998). "Risk of cancer during the first four years of life in children from the Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Registry." "J Pediatr" 132:398-400.] . Individuals with BWS appear to only be at increased risk for cancer during childhood (especially before age four) [DeBaun MR, Tucker MA (1998). "Risk of cancer during the first four years of life in children from the Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Registry." "J Pediatr" 132:398-400.] and do not have an increased risk of developing cancer in adulthood. If 100 children with BWS were followed from birth until age ten, about 10 cases of cancer would be expected in the group before age four, and about 1 case of cancer in the group would be expected between age four and ten.
In addition to Wilms tumor and hepatoblastoma, children with BWS are also at increased risk of developing adrenal cortical carcinoma, neuroblastoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma.
Both Wilms tumor and hepatoblastoma can usually be cured if diagnosed early. Early diagnosis allows physicians to treat the cancer when it is low stage. In addition, there is less toxic treatment [Choyke PL, Siegel MJ, Craft AW, Green DM, DeBaun MR (1999). "Screening for Wilms tumor in children with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome or idiopathic hemihypertrophy." "Med Pediatr Oncol" 32: 196–200.] . Given the importance of early diagnosis, all children with BWS should receive cancer screening.
We generally recommend an abdominal ultrasound to look at organs every 3 months until at least eight years of age [Choyke PL, Siegel MJ, Craft AW, Green DM, DeBaun MR (1999). "Screening for Wilms tumor in children with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome or idiopathic hemihypertrophy." "Med Pediatr Oncol" 32: 196–200.] and a blood test to measure alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) every 6 weeks until at least four years of age [Clericuzio C (2002). "Serum alpha-fetoprotein screening for hepatoblastoma in children with high-risk phenotypes." Proceedings of the Greenwood Genetic Center ] . All screening programs, however, involve a risk-benefit ratio that parents and physicians of children with BWS must consider when deciding when to stop screening for cancer. For more information about this screening recommendation please see [http://aladdin.wustl.edu/bws/bwsp.nsf/WV/0E2D8F6A0C6B3827862571B1007F69E5?OpenDocument/ Cancer Screening Protocol] . This BWS Website is supported by Washington University.
Families and physicians should determine screening schedules for specific patients, especially the age at which to discontinue screening, based upon their own evaluation of the risk-benefit ratio.
Prognosis
In general, the prognosis is very good. Children with BWS usually do very well and grow up to become the heights expected based on their parents heights. While children with BWS are at increased risk of childhood cancer, most children with BWS do not develop cancer and the vast majority of children who do develop cancer can be treated successfully.
Children with BWS for the most part had no significant delays when compared to their siblings. However, some children with BWS do have speech problems that could be related to macroglossia or hearing loss.
Advances in treating neonatal complications and premature infants in the last twenty years have significantly improved the true infant mortality rate associated with BWS. In a review of pregnancies that resulted in 304 children with BWS, not a single neonatal death was reported [Wangler M, Chang A, Moley KH, Feinberg AP, DeBaun MR. "Factors Associated With Preterm Delivery in Mothers of Children With Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome: A Case Cohort Study From the BWS Registry." "Am J Human Genet", 2005;134(2):187-191.] This is compared to a previously reported mortality rate of 20% [Pettenati MJ, Haines JL, Higgins RR, Wappner RS, Palmer CG, Weaver DD. "Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome: presentation of clinical and cytogenetic data on 22 new cases and review of the literature." "Hum Genet". 1986 Oct;74(2):143-54] . The data from the former study was derived from a BWS registry, a database that may be slightly biased towards involving living children; however, death was not an exclusion criterion to join the registry. While infants with BWS likely have a higher than normal infant mortality risk, we strongly believe that the rate of death is not nearly as high as 20%.
ee also
* Denys-Drash syndrome
* Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome
* WAGR syndrome
References
External links
* [http://bws.wustl.edu/ Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome] - Provides an overview of BWS as well as information on genetics and management of this disease. This site is also home to the [http://bws.wustl.edu/bws/bwsp.nsf/0ee53e934810efcd86256a94005e5f7d/be500e90871dc91d8625713f00748e2d?OpenDocument/ International BWS Registry] .
*
