Peter Francisco

:"This article is about Peter Francisco, a soldier in the American Revolutionary War. For the South African snooker player, see Peter Francisco (snooker player).

Peter Francisco (c. 1760-January 16,1831), known variously as the "Virginia Giant" or the "Giant of the Revolution" (and occasionally as the "Virginia Hercules" or some variant thereof), was an American "Patriot" soldier in the American Revolution. The cover page of a 2006 issue of "Military History" asked a rhetorical question which suggested he may have been the greatest soldier in American History. George Washington once said that Francisco's prowess directly enabled American victories in two battles, and went on to state the war may have even been lost without Francisco's participation.

Francisco's origins are shrouded in mystery. According to the traditional version of his biography [Other versions hold that Peter was in fact taken to Ireland; there, he indentured himself to a sea captain, and it was this captain that took him to City Point, where he was thrown into the poorhouse until taken in by Judge Winston. However, in this version the generally accepted dates given for Francisco's birth and transport do not seem to line up; the story is almost certainly legend, not fact.] , he was found, crying, on the docks at City Point, Virginia, one afternoon in 1765. When he had calmed down enough to talk, it was discovered that he spoke a language that sounded like Spanish, but was not. (Presumably, it was Portuguese). His clothing was a good quality and he called himself Pedro Francisco. It is believed he was born in what is now Brazil sometime around 1760. Eventually, he was able to tell his story; he told of being in a "beautiful place with palm trees," playing with his little sister, when two large men seized them both. The sister was able to break free, but Peter was not, and he was put on a large ship that eventually brought him to City Point. It is possible that the children were intended to be held for ransom.

Peter was soon taken in by Judge Anthony Winston of Buckingham County, Virginia, an uncle of Patrick Henry. He remained with Winston and his family until the beginning of the American Revolution. When he was old enough to work, he was trained as a blacksmith, a profession chosen for him because of his massive size and strength (he grew to be well over six feet six inches tall and weigh some 260 pounds). Francisco became embroiled in the movement for American independence; he was present outside St. John's Church in Richmond when Patrick Henry made his famous "Liberty or Death" speech.

American Revolution

Francisco joined the militia in 1777, and soon gained notoriety for his size and strength. He was unable to fight with a regular broadsword; George Washington (at Lafayette's request) soon had a special sword, measuring some five feet long, forged for him. Peter fought with distinction at numerous engagements of the Revolution. He was wounded at Brandywine, and recuperated (at Valley Forge) in the same room as Lafayette, with whom he became great friends. He also fought at Monmouth (where he was again wounded), Cowpens, and Stony Point (where legend has it he was bayoneted, and was the second to enter the fort. While Francisco may well have been at Stony Point, much of his role appears to be myth as no contemporary account of the battle mentions Francisco and the first men who entered the fort are mentioned in dispatches as Lieutenant Colonel Fleury, Lieutenant Knox and Sergeants Baker, Spencer and Donlop). He then fought a few skirmishes under Colonel Morgan, before transferring to the regiment of one Colonel Mayo of Powhatan. Francisco was present at General Gates' defeat at the battle of Camden, where he pulled a small cannon back to the retreating revolutionaries. Hearing that Colonel Watkins was headed on a march through the Carolinas, Francisco joined him, seeing action at Guilford Courthouse. His actions here are legendary; he killed eleven men on the field of battle, including one who wounded him severely with a bayonet. The feat is commemorated with a monument on the field of battle. Francisco was rescued and nursed back to health by a Quaker family. {Note: in a petition Francisco wrote 11 November 1820 to the Virginia Legislature "in his own words" he said that at Camden he had shot a grenadier who had tried to shoot his Colonel {Mayo}; he then escaped by bayoneting one of Tarleton's cavalryman and fled on the horse making cries to make the British think he was a Loyalist, and gave the horse to Mayo; at Guilford Courthouse he wrote that he killed two men of the enemy-including one who bayoneted him in the leg-and mentions striking "panes" to others. See [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1916145?&Search=yes&term=Peter&term=Francisco&term=Letter&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DLetter%2Bof%2BPeter%2BFrancisco%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3DThe%2BWilliam%2BAND%2BMary%2BQuarterly%252C%2BVol.%2B13%252C%2BNo.%2B4%252Cp.217%26Search%3DSearch%26hp%3D25%26wc%3Don&item=6&ttl=17074&returnArticleService=showArticle] .}

After Guilford Courthouse, Francisco was sent home to Buckingham to recuperate. It was on this journey that he performed his best-known action, Francisco's Fight. In it, he singlehandedly defeated a band of Tarleton's Raiders, escaping with their horses. Legend has it that he killed/mortally wounded 3 out of 11 raiders. However in Francisco's "own petition" of 1820 to the Virginia Legislature {Source # 1 above} he reports that out of 9 raiders, he killed 1 and wounded 8 and likewise captured 8 of 9 horses. Peter was ordered by his commanding officer to join the army at Yorktown, where he was present at the British surrender (though he did not fight.)

Post-war activities and death

After the Revolution, Francisco went home to Buckingham and led a quiet life. He married three times, fathering many children. He was appointed sergeant-at-arms of the Virginia Senate. In 1824 he accompanied Lafayette on part of his tour of the United States, showing him portions of eastern Virginia. Francisco died, most likely of appendicitis, in January, 1831; he was buried in Shockoe Hill Cemetery in Richmond, Va.. A good portion of the state Senate turned out for the funeral.

Legends of Francisco's strength abound. He singlehandedly pulled an 1,100 pound American cannon free from its gun carriage during the retreat from Camden, a feat which was commemorated in 1975 on an American postage stamp in the Contributors to the Cause Bicentennial series; a team of six mules is said to have been unable to dislodge the weapon. He is also said to have thrown two men, along with their horses, over a fence near his farm when they attempted to annoy him.

Francisco also has a park named after him in the Ironbound section of Newark, where most of the population is Portuguese. It is a small park located just east of Newark Penn Station.

Peter Francisco's farmhouse, Locust Grove, still stands outside of the town of Buckingham. One of his swords (though not that ordered for him by General Washington) is on display in the Buckingham County Historical Museum in Buckingham.

Notes and references

External links

* [http://www.peterfrancisco.org/ Society of the Descendants of Peter Francisco]
* [http://www.historynet.com/magazines/american_history/3032396.html Peter Francisco: Remarkable American Revolutionary War Soldier]
* [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~showe/Providence/Francisco.html Peter FRANCISCO, Patriot of Virginia]
* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/portam/pfrancisco.html Peter Francisco]
* [http://www.vahistorical.org/onthisday/22473.htm Peter Francisco Day]
* [http://www.jstor.org/view/00435597/di956054/95p0099g/0 Transcript of Peter Francisco's 11 November 1820 petition {reference only}]