Department of Tolima

Infobox Department of Colombia
Name = Department of Tolima
AlternateName = Departamento del Tolima

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image_map_caption = Tolima shown in red
department_motto = "Tolima Solidario"
anthem = ""
EstDate = August 4, 1886
ColRegion = Andes Region
Capital = Ibagué
City = Ibagué
numprovinces = 6
Municipality = 48
governor = Oscar Barreto Quiroga (2008-)
governorparty = ?
AreaRank =19
TotalArea = 23,562
PopulationYear = 2005
PopulationRank =10
Population = 1,335,177 [ http://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2005/regiones/tolima/tolima.pdf Population Statistics by DANE]
Density = 56.66
LandArea =
WaterArea =
PercentWater =
ISO_Code = CO-TOL
Website = www.tolima.gov.co|

Tolima is one of the 32 departments of Colombia, located in the Andean region, in the center-west of the country. It is bordered on the north and the west by the department of Caldas; on the east by the department of Cundinamarca; on the south by the department of Huila, and on the west by the departments of Cauca, Valle del Cauca, Quindío and Risaralda. Tolima has a surface area of 23,562 km², and its capital is Ibagué. The department of Tolima was created in 1861 from a part of what was previously Cundinamarca.

History

Indigenous civilization

The Pijaos lived in Tolima during pre-Columbian times. The name of the department comes from the Pijao word for "snowed". The Panches, from the Pijao liguistic family, were also settled here, reaching the region beyond the Magdalena valleys. Renown as fierce warriors, the Panches are widely known for fighting the Muisca over the control of Emerald mining territories. They fought against a Spanish-Muisca coalition and were ultimately defeated in the Battle of Tocarema in 1537.

panish colonization

Spanish colonization of the region began in 1537 with Sebastián de Belalcázar travelling from the city of Cali to be with his colleague, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, in Bogota. On its way, Belarcázar founds the first establishment that would become the present Ibagué. Belarcázar traveled until he reached the site of Flandes in Tolima before arriving at Bogota. The definitive foundation began with Captain Andrés Lopez de Galarza who founded the city of Ibagué and site on which the municipality of Cajamarca would be based, in the west of the department. These two cities would become an important part of the "coffee axis".

Demographics

*Mestizos & Whites (94.46%) * majority are racially mixed but there is a high percentage of whites
*Amerindian or Indigenous (4.32%)
*Black (1.22%)

Geography

Physiography

In the Tolima region, three great regions can be distinguished: a mountainous region, occupied by the Cordillera Central, a plain, that corresponds to the valleys of the rivers Magdalena and Saldaña; and another region to the southeast which forms the western slope of the Cordillera Oriental, which contains the source of the Cabrera river.

Hydrography

The territory of Tolima is traversed from the south to north by the Magdalena River, of which the main rivers of the Tolima are tributary. Other rivers are the Saldaña river, the Cabrera, Coello, the Tetuán, the Gualí, the Rio Recio, and the Rio Prado. In this one last one is the dam of the same name, the largest fresh water lake of the center of the country and an important Colombian tourist center.

Economy

The economy of the Tolima is based on agriculture.

Industry in Tolima, as has been happening to the whole country, has been declining in its proportion of GDP, while services gain more importance, a phenomenon known as deindustrialization. Within the sector services Tolima excels in commerce, public administration, other services to the community and "reparaciones", which contribute respectively 11.2% and 9.1% of the GDP.

The GDP per inhabitant in Tolima, registered during 2002 a reduction of 0.4% in constant prices.

According to the results of the DANE census, the department of Tolima registered between the years of 2001 and 2002 a diminution, to constant prices, of 0.1% in its GDP, falling from Col$2.05 trillion in 2001 to Col$2.04 trillion in 2002. The result is explained by the fact that traditional sectors within the economic structure of the department such as the coffee registered a reduction of 22.4%, reducing 2 percentage points to the total variation, and others did not have important growth or presented/displayed diminutions in its added values. So it is the case of the activity branches: transport, commerce and repairs, industry and electricity gas and water, which jointly reduced 1.7 percentage points to the variation, whereas other services, rights and taxes, construction and farming rest, forestry and 3.6 percentage points fish were the branches with greater positive contribution to the variation of the GDP when contributing.

Culture

*Music and the ArtsMusic is the distinguishing cultural expression of Tolima. Its capital, Ibagué, is well-known as "the musical city of Colombia", and is home to one of the nation's classic conservatoriums. The department also is famous for the Fiestas of San Pedro in Espinal, San Juan in Natagaima and in Ibagué, the Colombian Folkloric Festival and the "Concurso de duetos garzón Y Collazos".

Tolima has produced many poets: Arturo Camacho Ramíez, Juan Lozano y Lozano, Diego Fallon, William Ospina, Martín Pomala, Luz Stella; painters: Darío Jiménez, Jorge Elías Triana, Darío Ortiz Robledo, Carlos Granada, Julio Fajardo; historians Eduardo Santa, Gonzalo Sanchez, Hermes Tovar Pinzón, Hernán Clavijo, Darío Ortiz Vidales.

*GastronomyThe department is also widely recognised for its autochthonous cuisine. Famous regional dishes include the "Tamal Tolimense", a corn-and-yellow pea-based paste with pork, egg, chicken and vegetable filling, wrapped around a plantain leaf; the "Lechona", a yellow pea-and-meat-stuffed pork; "Empanadas", small potato, rice and meat stuffed pastries, made with corn dough; "Achiras" (although not exclusively from this department) and "Bizcocho calentano", smaller flour pastries; and "Quesillo", a type of cheese wrapped in a plantain leaf. Drinks include the "Avena", a cold oatmea-based drink.

*OtherTolima gave to the country ten presidents: Domingo Caycedo, José María Melo, Manuel Murillo Toro, José María Rojas Garrido, Miguel Abadía Méndez, Alfonso López Michelsen, Darío Echandía, Carlos Lozano y Lozano, Gabriel París, and Deogracias Fonseca.

Government

Municipalities

The Departament of Tolima groups its municipalities into six provinces: Norte, Oriente, Sur, Ibagué, Suroriente, and Nevados.

*Ibagué
**Alvarado
**Anzoátequi
**Cajamarca
**Coello
**Espinal
**Flandes
**Ibagué
**Piedras
**Rovira
**San Luis
**Valle de San Juan

*Nevados
**Casabianca
**Herveo
**Lérida
**Líbano
**Murillo
**Santa Isabel
**Venadillo
**Villahermosa
*Northern
**Ambalema
**Armero (Guayabal)
**Falan
**Fresno
**Honda
**Mariquita
**Palocabildo

*Eastern
**Carmen Apicala
**Cunday
**Icononzo
**Melgar
**Villarrica
*Southern
**Ataco
**Chaparral
**Coyaima
**Natagaima
**Ortega
**Planadas
**Rioblanco
**Roncesvalles
**San Antonio

*Southeastern
**Alpujarra
**Dolores
**Guamo
**Prado
**Purificación
**Saldaña
**Suárez

References

External links

*es icon [http://www.tolima.gov.co/ Government of Tolima official website]