Consumer/Survivor/Ex-Patient Movement

The Consumer/Survivor/Ex-Patient Movement, also known as the User/Survivor Movement, is a diverse association of individuals (and organizations representing them) who are either currently "consumers" (clients) of mental health services, or who consider themselves survivors of psychiatry or mental health services, or who simply identify as "ex-patients" of mental health services. The movement campaigns for more choice and improved services and/or empowerment and user-led alternatives. Common themes are "talking back to the power of psychiatry", rights protection and advocacy, and self-determination. While activists in this movement may share a collective identity, they can be seen as enacting their concerns along a continuum from conservative to radical, according to their position in relation to psychiatric treatment and their relative levels of resistance and patienthood. [http://etd.library.pitt.edu/ETD/available/etd-04252003-204757/]

History

Precursors

The modern self-help and advocacy movement in the field of mental health services developed in the 1970s, but former psychiatric patients have been campaigning for centuries to change laws, treatments, services and public policies. "The most persistent critics of psychiatry have always been former mental hospital patients", although few were able to tell their stories publicly or to openly confront the psychiatric establishment, and those who did so were commonly considered so extreme in their charges that they could seldom gain credibility.Dain, N. (1989) [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112416171/abstract Critics and dissenters: Reflections on anti-psychiatry in the United States] Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences Volume 25 Issue 1, Pages 3 - 25] In 1620 in England, patients of the notoriously harsh Bethlem Hospital banded together and sent a "Petition of the Poor Distracted People in the House of Bedlam (concerned with conditions for inmates)" to the House of Lords. In the 18th century, moral treatment reforms were originally based in part on the approach of French ex-patient turned hospital-superintendent Jean-Baptiste Pussin and his wife Margueritte. From 1848 in England, the Alleged Lunatics' Friend Society campaigned for sweeping reforms to the asylum system and abuses of the moral treatment approach. In the United States, The Opal (1851-1860) was a ten volume Journal produced by patients of Utica State Lunatic Asylum in New York, which has been viewed in part as an early liberation movement. Beginning in 1868, Elizabeth Packard, founder of the Anti-Insane Asylum Society, published a series of books and pamphlets describing her experiences in the Illinois insane asylum to which her husband had had her committed.

Early 20th century

A few decades later, another former psychiatric patient, Clifford W. Beers, founded the National Committee on Mental Hygiene, which eventually became the National Mental Health Association. Beers sought to improve the plight of individuals receiving public psychiatric care, particularly those committed to state institutions. His book, "A Mind that Found Itself" (1908) [Clifford Beers, "A Mind That Found Itself," Pittsburgh and London: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1981 ISBN 0822953242] , described his experience with mental illness and the treatment he encountered in mental hospitals. Beers' work stimulated public interest in more responsible care and treatment. However, while Beers initially damned psychiatrists for tolerating mistreatment of patients, and envisioned more ex-patient involvement in the movement, he was influenced by Adolf Meyer and the psychiatric establishment, and toned down his hostility as he needed their support for reforms. His reliance on rich donors and his need for approval from experts led him to hand over to psychiatrists the organization he helped establish. In the UK, the National Society for Lunacy Law Reform was established in 1920 by angry ex-patients sick of their experiences and complaints being patronisingly discounted by the authorities who were using medical "window dressing" for essentially custodial and punitive practices.Phil Fennell (1996) [http://books.google.com/books?id=XqlBoZ_Vm7UC Treatment Without Consent: Law, Psychiatry and the Treatment of Mentally Disordered People Since 1845] Routledge, 1996 ISBN 0415077877 pg108] In 1922, ex-patient Rachel Grant-Smith added to calls for reform of the system of neglect and abuse she had suffered by publishing "The Experiences of an Asylum Patient". [Rachel Grant-Smith (1922) [http://mcgovern.library.tmc.edu/data/www/html/texascoll/Psych/EAP/EAPContents.htm The Experiences of an Asylum Patient] John P. McGovern Historical Collections and Research Center]

We Are Not Alone (WANA) was founded by a group of patients at Rockland State Hospital in New York in the mid to late 1940s, and continued to meet as an ex-patient group. Their goal was to provide support and advice and help others make the difficult transition from hospital to community. By the early 1950s WANA dissolved after it was taken over by mental health professionals who transformed it in to Fountain House, a psychosocial rehabilitation service for people leaving state mental institutions. The founders of WANA found themselves pushed aside by professionals with money and influence, who made them “members” of the new organization. During that period, people who received psychiatric treatment identified themselves as patients, and this term was generally unchallenged as a self-description until the 1970s. A perceived patronizing attitude by health care workers led to resentment among some current and former patients, which eventually found expression in more militant groups beginning in the early 1970s.Reaume G. (2002) Lunatic to patient to person: nomenclature in psychiatric history and the influence of patients' activism in North America. Int J Law Psychiatry. Jul-Aug;25(4):405-26. PMID 12613052 doi:10.1016/S0160-2527(02)00130-9]

Originated by crusaders in periods of liberal social change, and appealing not so much to other sufferers as to elite groups with power, when the early reformer's energy or influence waned, mental patients were again mostly friendless and forgotten.

1950s to 1970s

The 1950s saw the advent and widespread use of lobotomy and shock therapy. These were associated with grave concerns and much opposition on grounds of basic morality, harmful effects, or misuse. Towards the 1960s, psychiatric medications came in to widespread use and also caused controversy relating to adverse effects and misuse. There were also associated moves away from large psychiatric institutions to community-based services ( [later to become a full-scale [deinstitutionalization] ), which sometimes empowered service users, although community-based services were often deficient.

Coming to the fore in the 1960s, an anti-psychiatry movement vocally challenged the fundamental claims and practices of mainstream psychiatry. The ex-patient movement of this time contributed to, and derived much from, antipsychiatry ideology, but has also been described as having its own agenda, desribed as humanistic socialism. For a time, the movement shared aims and practices with "radical therapists", who tended to be Marxist and equally keen on challenging the social structures that kept people oppressed and boxed. However, the consumer/survivor/ex-patients gradually felt that the radical therapists did not necessarily share the same goals and were taking over, and they broke away from them in order to maintain independence.

By the 1970s, the women's movement, gay rights movement, and disability rights movements had emerged. It was in this context that former mental patients began to organize groups with the common goals of fighting for patients' rights and against forced treatment, stigma and discrimination, and often to promote peer-run services as an alternative to the traditional mental health system. Unlike professional mental health services, which were usually based on the medical model, peer-run services were based on the principle that individuals who have shared similar experiences can help themselves and each other through self-help and mutual support. Many of the individuals who organized these early groups identified themselves as psychiatric survivors. Their groups had names such as Insane Liberation Front and the Network Against Psychiatric Assault. They saw the mental health system as destructive and disempowering.

With more people out of mental hospitals, there was a larger number of people who could now make links with one another for progressive causes. Dorothy Weiner and about 10 others, including Tom Wittick, established the Insane Liberation Front in the spring of 1970 in Portland, Oregon. Though it only lasted 6 months, it had a notable influence in the history of North American ex-patients groups. News that former inmates of mental institutions were organizing was carried to other parts of North America. Individuals such as Howard Geld, known as Howie the Harp for his harmonica playing, left Portland where he been involved in ILF to return to his native New York to help found the Mental Patients Liberation Project in 1971. During the early 1970s, groups spread to California, New York, and Boston, which were primarily antipsychiatry, opposed to forced treatment including forced drugging, shock treatment and involuntary committal. In 1972, the first organized group in Canada, the Mental Patients Association, started to publish In A Nutshell, while in the US the first edition of the first national publication by ex-mental patients, Madness Network News, was published in Oakland, continuing until 1986. A well-known book of the time by an ex-patient was Judi Chamberlin's 1978 "On Our Own: Patient-Controlled Alternatives to the Mental Health System." Chamberlin publicized the concept of mentalism, a form of stereotyping and oppression of those associated with psychiatric treatment and diagnosis.

The major spokespeople of the movement have been described in generalities as largely white, middle-class and well-educated. It has been suggested that other activists were often more anarchistic and anti-capitalist, felt more cut-off from society and more like a minority with more in common with the poor, ethnic minorities, feminists, prisoners & gay rights than with the white middle classes. The leaders were sometimes considered to be merely reformist and, because of their "stratified position" within society, to be uncomprehending of the problems of the poor. The "radicals" saw no sense in seeking solutions within a capitalist system that creates mental problems. However, they were united in considering society and psychiatric domination to be the problem, rather than people designated mentally ill.

Some activists condemned psychiatry under any conditions, voluntary or involuntary, while others, usually the more middle-class, conceded the right of people to undergo psychiatric treatment on a voluntary basis. Voluntary psychotherapy, at the time mainly psychoanalysis, did not therefore come under the same severe attack as the somatic therapies. But it was valued, if at all, only as a possibly helpful technique if applied by laypersons including ex-patients themselves. The ex-patients emphasized individual support from other patients; they espoused assertiveness, liberation, and equality; and they advocated user-controlled services as part of a totally voluntary continuum. However, although the movement espoused egalitarianism and opposed the concept of leadership, it is said to have developed a cadre of known, articulate, and literate men and women who did the writing, talking, organizing, and contacting. Very much the product of the rebellious, populist, anti-elitist mood of the 1960s, they strived above all for self-determination and self-reliance. In generally, the work of some psychiatrists, as well as the lack of criticism by the psychiatric establishment, was interpreted as an abandonment of a moral commitment to do no harm. There was a deep anger and resentment toward a profession that had the authority to label them as mentally disabled and was perceived as infantilizing them and disregarding their wishes.

1980s and 1990s

By the 1980s, individuals who considered themselves "consumers" of mental health services rather than passive "patients" had begun to organize self-help/advocacy groups and peer-run services. While sharing some of the goals of the earlier movement, consumer groups did not seek to abolish the traditional mental health system, which they believed was necessary. Instead, they wanted to reform it and have more choice. Consumer groups encouraged their members to learn as much as possible about the mental health system so that they could gain access to the best services and treatments available. In 1985, the National Mental Health Consumers' Association was formed in the United States.

A 1986 report on developments in the United States noted that "there are now three national organizations ... The ‘conservatives’ have created the National Mental Health Consumers' Association ... The ‘moderates’ have formed the National Alliance of Mental Patients ... The ‘radical’ group is called the Network to Abolish Psychiatry". Many, however, felt that they had survived the psychiatric system and its "treatments" and resented being called consumers. The National Association of Mental Patients in the United States became the National Association of Psychiatric Survivors. "Phoenix Rising: The Voice of the Psychiatrized" was published by ex-inmates (of psychiatric hospitals) in Toronto from 1980 to 1990, known across Canada for its antipsychiatry stance.

In late 1988, leaders from several of the main national and grassroots psychiatric survivor groups decided an independent coalition was needed, and Support Coalition International (SCI) was formed in 1988, later to become MindFreedom International. In addition, the World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry (WNUSP), was founded in 1991 as the World Federation of Psychiatric Users (WFPU), an international organisation of recipients of mental health services.

An emphasis on voluntary involvement in services is said to have presented problems to the movement since, especially in the wake of deinstitutionalization, community services were fragmented and many individuals in distressed states of mind were being put in prisons or re-institutionalized in community services, or became homeless, often distrusting and resisting any help.

Patients rights groups have been speaking out against psychiatric abuses for decades but have been censured and denied by the psychiatric establishment. Reading about the experiences they suffered through has been described as comparable to reading the stories of Holocaust survivors. [Terry Messman [http://www.thestreetspirit.org/August2005/mad.htm Mad In America: An Indictment of Psychiatric Abuse and Brain Damage] August 2005 Edition of Street Spirit, A publication of the American Friends Service Committee] Recipients of mental health services demanded control over their own treatment and began to have an influence on the public mental health system. They often promoted a recovery model. Whether they considered themselves consumers or survivors, activists demanded a voice and a choice.

The movement today

In the United States, the number of mental health mutual support groups (MSG), self-help organizations (SHO) (run by and for mental health consumers and/or family members) and consumer-operated services (COS) was recently estimated to be 7,467. [ [http://www.springerlink.com/content/u132325343qlw4r0/ Goldstrom ID, Campbell J, Rogers JA, et al (2006)] National estimates for mental health mutual support groups, self-help organizations, and consumer-operated services. "Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research", 33:92–102] The movement may express a preference for the "survivor" label over the "consumer" label, with more than 60 percent of ex-patient groups reported to support anti-psychiatry beliefs and considering themselves to be "psychiatric survivors." [ [http://www.umaine.edu/JMB/archives/volume15/15_1-2_1994winterspring.html#abstract4 Everett B (1994)] Something is happening: the contemporary consumer and psychiatric survivor movement in historical context. "Journal of Mind and Behavior", 15:55–7] There is some variation between the perspective on the consumer/survivor movement coming from psychiatry, anti-psychiatry or consumers/survivors themselves [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16754765&dopt=Abstract Rissmiller DJ & Rissmiller JH (2006)] Evolution of the antipsychiatry movement into mental health consumerism. "Psychiatric Services", Jun;57(6):863-6.] [ [http://psychservices.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/57/8/1212 Oaks, D. (2006)] The Evolution of the Consumer Movement, "Psychiatric Services" 57:1212]

Attempts are being made to apply consumer concepts to rural as well as urban areas [ [http://www.springerlink.com/content/t144218l21074q2r/ Bjorklund and Pippard (1999)] The Mental Health Consumer Movement: Implications for Rural Practice, "Behavioural Science", 35, 4, p347-359]

The most common terms in Germany are "Psychiatrie-Betroffene" (people afflicted by/confronted with psychiatry) and "Psychiatrie-Erfahrene" (people who have experienced psychiatry). Sometimes the terms are considered as synonymous but sometimes the former emphasizes the violence and negative aspects of psychiatry. The German national association of (ex-)users and survivors of psychiatry is called the Bundesverband Psychiatrie-Erfahrener (BPE).Hollis, I. (2002) [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119016304/abstract About the impossibility of a single (ex-)user and survivor of psychiatry position] Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Volume 104 Issue s410, Pages 102 - 106]

There are many grassroots self-help groups of consumers/survivors, local and national, all over the world, which are an important cornerstone of empowerment.A considerable obstacle to realizing more consumer/survivor alternatives is lack of funding. Alternative consumer/survivor groups like the National Empowerment Center [http://www.power2u.org/] in the US which receive public funds but question orthodox psychiatric treatment, have often come under attack for receiving public funding and been subject to funding cuts.

As well as advocacy and reform campaigns, the development of self-help and user/survivor controlled services is a central issue. The Runaway-House in Berlin, Germany, is an example. Run by the Organisation for the Protection from Psychiatric Violence, it is an antipsychiatric crisis centre for homeless survivors of psychiatry where the residents can live for a limited amount of time and where half the staff members are survivors of psychiatry themselves. In Helsingborg, Sweden, the Hotel Magnus Stenbock is run by a user/survivor organization "RSMH" that gives users/survivors a possibility to live in their own apartments. It is financed by the Swedish government and run entirely by users. Voice of Soul is a user/survivor organization in Hungary. Creative Routes is a user/survivor organization in London, England, that among other support and advocacy activities puts on an annual "Bonkersfest".

WNUSP is a consultant organization for the United Nations. After a "long and difficult discussion", ENUSP and WNUSP (European and World Networks of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry) decided to employ the term (ex-)users and survivors of psychiatry in order to include the identities of the different groups and positions represented in these international NGOs. WNUSP contributed to the development of the UN's Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities [http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/rights/wgcontrib-wnusp.htm] [http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/rights/contrib-wnusp.htm] and produced a manual to help people use it called "Implementing the Disability Rights Treaty, for Users, Survivors of Psychiatry" [http://wecando.wordpress.com/2008/03/19/resource-implementing-the-disability-rights-treaty-for-users-survivors-of-psychiatry/] and ENUSP is consulted by the European Union and World Health Organization.

In 2007 at a Conference held in Dresden on "Coercive Treatment in Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Review", the president and other leaders of the World Psychiatric Association met, following a formal request from the World Health Organization, with four representatives from leading consumer/survivor groups. [Mezzichi, J.E. (2007) [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2174591 The dialogal basis of our profession: Psychiatry with the Person World Psychiatry.] 2007 October; 6(3): 129–130.]

The National Coalition of Mental Health Consumer/Survivor Organizations campaigns in the United States to ensure that consumer/survivors have a major voice in the development and implementation of health care, mental health, and social policies at the state and national levels, empowering people to recover and lead a full life in the community.

The United States Massachusetts-based Freedom Center provides and promotes alternative and holistic approaches and takes a stand for greater choice and options in treatments and care. The center and the New York-based Icarus Project (which does not self-identify as a consumer/survivor organization but has participants that identify as such) have published a Harm Reduction Guide To Coming Off Psychiatric Drugs and were recently a featured charity in Forbes business magazine. [Will Hall, edited by Richard C Morais (2008) [http://www.forbes.com/2008/08/28/mentalhealth-schizophrenia-pf-philo-in_rm_0829philanthropy_inl.html Healing Voices] Forbes business magazine:Philanthropic Pitch August 29th]

Mad pride events, organized by loosely connected groups in at least seven countries including Australia, South Africa, the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and Ghana, draw thousands of participants. For some, the objective is to continue the destigmatization of mental illness. Another wing rejects the need to treat mental afflictions with psychotropic drugs and seeks alternatives to the "care" of the medical establishment. Many members of the movement say they are publicly discussing their own struggles to help those with similar conditions and to inform the general public. [Gabrielle Glaser (2008) [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/11/fashion/11madpride.html ‘Mad Pride’ Fights a Stigma.] The New York Times.” May 11]

Survivor David Oakes, Director of MindFreedom, hosts a weekly radio show on the Progressive Radio Network [MindFreedom [http://www.mindfreedom.org/campaign/media/mfradio/mad-radio-story The Story of MindFreedom Free Live Internet Radio] ] and the Freedom Center hosts a weeky radio show on Free Valley Radio. [Freedom Center [http://www.freedom-center.org/madness-radio-new-timeslot-4-5pm-thursdays-est Madness Radio New Time Slot] ]

A new International Coalition of National Consumer/User Organizations was launched in Canada in 2007, called Interrelate. [Anne Beales, Susie Crooks, Dan Fisher, Noreen Fitzgerald,Connie McKnight, Shaun MacNeil, and Jenny Speed (2008) [http://www.interrelate.info/downloads/InterrelateHistory.pdf Interrelate: A New International Mental Health Consumer/Survivor Coalition] ]

Impact

There has been some substantial research into consumer/survivor initiatives (CSIs). Many of the studies have been cross-sectional or retrospective and have not used comparison groups, which limits the firm conclusions that can be drawn. However, the findings suggest that CSIs can help with social support, empowerment, mental wellbeing, self-management and reduced service use, identity transformation and enhanced quality of life. However, studies have focused on the support and self-help aspects of CSIs, neglecting that many organizations locate the causes of members’ problems in political and social institutions and are involved in activities to address issues of social justice. [Geoffrey Nelson, Joanna Ochocka, Rich Janzen, John Trainor (2006) [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112572085/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 A longitudinal study of mental health consumer/survivor initiatives: Part 1 - Literature review and overview of the study] Journal of Community Psychology, Volume 34 Issue 3, Pages 247 - 260]

A recent series of studies in Canada compared individuals who participated in CSIs with those who did not. The two groups were comparable at baseline on a wide range of demographic variables, self-reported psychiatric diagnosis, service use, and outcome measures. After a year and a half, those who had participated in CSIs showed significant improvement in social support and quality of life (daily activities), less days of psychiatric hospitalization, and more were likely to have stayed in employment (paid or volunteer) and/or education. There was no significant difference on measures of community integration and personal empowerment, however. There were some limitations to the findings; although the active and nonactive groups did not differ significantly at baseline on measures of distress or hospitalization, the active group did have a higher mean score and there may have been a natural pattern of recovery over time for that group (regression to the mean). The authors noted that the apparent positive impacts of consumer-run organizations were achieved at a fraction of the cost of professional community programs. [Geoffrey Nelson, Joanna Ochocka, Rich Janzen, John Trainor (2006) [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112572088/abstract A longitudinal study of mental health consumer/survivor initiatives: Part 2 - A quantitative study of impacts of participation on new members] Journal of Community Psychology, Volume 34 Issue 3, Pages 247 - 260]

Further qualitative studies indicated that CSIs can provide: safe environments that are a positive, welcoming place to go; social arenas that provide opportunities to meet and talk with peers; an alternative worldview that provides opportunities for members to participate and contribute; and effective facilitators of community integration that provide opportunities to connect members to the community at large. [Geoffrey Nelson, Joanna Ochocka, Rich Janzen, John Trainor (2006) [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112572092/abstract#relatedArticles Part 3 - A qualitative study of impacts of participation on new members] Journal of Community Psychology, Volume 34 Issue 3, Pages 247 - 260] System-level activism was perceived to result in changes in perceptions by the public and mental health professionals (about mental health or mental illness, the lived experience of consumer/survivors, the legitimacy of their opinions, and the perceived value of CSIs) and in concrete changes in service delivery practice, service planning, public policy, or funding allocations. The authors noted that the evidence indicated that the work benefits other consumers/survivors (present and future), other service providers, the general public, and communities. They also noted that there were various barriers to this, most notably lack of funding, and also that the range of views represented by the CSIs appeared less narrow and more nuanced and complex than previously, and that perhaps the consumer/survivor social movement is at a different place than it was 25 years ago. [Geoffrey Nelson, Joanna Ochocka, Rich Janzen, John Trainor (2006) [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112572089/abstract Part 4 - Benefits beyond the self? A quantitative and qualitative study of system-level activities and impacts] Journal of Community Psychology, Volume 34 Issue 3, Pages 247 - 260]

There has also been criticism of the movement. Well-positioned forces in the USA, led by figures such as psychiatrists E. Fuller Torrey and Sally Satel, and some leaders of the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, have lobbied against the funding of consumer/survivor groups that promote antipsychiatry views or promote social and experiential recovery rather than a biomedical model, or who protest against outpatient commitment. [ [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-25288801_ITM] ] McLean, A. (2003) [http://www.psychosocial.com/IJPR_8/Recovering1-McLean.html Recovering Consumers and a Broken Mental Health System in the United States: Ongoing Challenges for Consumers/ Survivors and the New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. Part II: Impact of Managed Care and Continuing Challenges] International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 8, 58-70.] Torrey has said the term "psychiatric survivor" used by ex-patients to describe themselves is just political correctness and has blamed them, along with civil rights lawyers, for the deaths of half a million people due to suicides and deaths on the street. [E. Fuller Torrey (1997) [http://psychservices.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/issue_pdf/edboard_pdf/48/2.pdf Taking Issue: ‘Psychiatric Survivors’ and Non-Survivors] , 48:2 Psychiatric Services 143] His accusations have been described as inflammatory and completely unsubstantiated, however, and issues of self-determination and self-identity said to be more complex than that.Reaume G. (2002) Lunatic to patient to person: nomenclature in psychiatric history and the influence of patients' activism in North America. Int J Law Psychiatry. Jul-Aug;25(4):405-26. PMID 12613052 doi:10.1016/S0160-2527(02)00130-9] More generally, organized psychiatry often views radical consumerist groups as extremist, as having little scientific foundation and no defined leadership, as trying to restrict "the work of psychiatrists and care for the seriously mentally ill", and as promoting disinformation on the use of involuntary commitment, electroconvulsive therapy, stimulants and antidepressants among children, and neuroleptics among adults.

ee also

*Psychiatric survivors movement
*Psychiatric rehabilitation
*Psychiatry
*Social Psychiatry
*Soteria
*Social firms

External links

* [http://www.againstpsychiatry.com againstpsychiatry.com]
* [http://www.mhselfhelp.org/techasst/view.php?techasst_id=16 Guide on the History of the Consumer Movement] from the National Mental Health Consumers' Self-Help Clearinghouse
*Cohen, Oryx (2001) [http://www.freedom-center.org/pdf/oryxpsychoralhistory.pdf Psychiatric Survivor Oral Histories: Implications for Contemporary Mental Health Policy.] Center for Public Policy and Administration, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
*Linda J Morrison. (2006) [http://www.radpsynet.org/journal/vol5/Morrison.html A Matter of Definition: Acknowledging Consumer/Survivor Experiences through Narrative] "Radical Psychology" Volume Five
* [http://www.ncmhcso.org/downloads/DorothyPoem.pdf Shock Treatment - The Killing of Susan Kelly] A poem by insulin/electro shock survivor Dorothy Dundas
*McLean, A. (2003). [http://www.psychosocial.com/IJPR_8/Recovering1-McLean.html Recovering Consumers and a Broken Mental Health System in the United States: Ongoing Challenges for Consumers/ Survivors and the New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. Part I: Legitimization of the Consumer Movement and Obstacles to It.] International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 8, 47-57
*McLean, A. (2003) [http://www.psychosocial.com/IJPR_8/Recovering1-McLean.html Recovering Consumers and a Broken Mental Health System in the United States: Ongoing Challenges for Consumers/ Survivors and the New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. Part II: Impact of Managed Care and Continuing Challenges] International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 8, 58-70.

References