Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Infobox_Disease
Name = PAGENAME


Caption = Light microscopic image of bone marrow showing stromal macrophages containing numerous red blood cells in their cytoplasm
DiseasesDB = 31418
ICD10 = ICD10|D|76|1|d|70
ICD9 = ICD9|288.4
ICDO =
OMIM = 267700
OMIM_mult = OMIM2|603553 OMIM2|608898 OMIM2|603552 | MedlinePlus =
eMedicineSubj = ped
eMedicineTopic = 745
MeshID = D051359

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an unusual syndrome characterized by fever, splenomegaly, jaundice, and the pathologic finding of hemophagocytosis.

Lymphocytosis and histiocytosis are also part of the presentation. [MeshName|Lymphohistiocytosis,+Hemophagocytic]

Causes

HLH may be associated with malignant, genetic, infectious, or autoimmune diseases.

Hyperproduction of cytokines, including interferon-g and tumor necrosis factor-a, by EBV-infected T lymphocytes may play a role in the pathogenesis of HLH. EBV-associated HLH may mimic T-cell lymphoma and is treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy. In contrast, hemophagocytic syndromes associated with nonviral pathogens often respond to treatment of the underlying infection.

Classification

HLH comprises familial (primary) hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) and secondary HLH (SHLH), both clinically characterized by the features described above, in particular fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and cytopenia.

Familial (primary) forms

FHL, an autosomal recessive disorder, is invariably fatal when untreated. It is associated with defective triggering of apoptosis and reduced cytotoxic activity, resulting in a widespread accumulation of T lymphocytes and activated macrophages.

Several single nucleotide polymorphisms increase risk of HLH.cite journal |author=Donn R, Ellison S, Lamb R, Day T, Baildam E, Ramanan AV |title=Genetic loci contributing to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis do not confer susceptibility to systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=869–74 |year=2008 |month=March |pmid=18311812 |doi=10.1002/art.23270 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.23270]

There are four types,cite web |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=hlh |title=Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial -- GeneReviews -- NCBI Bookshelf |format= |work= |accessdate=] and each is associated with a specific gene:

* FHL1 - HPLH1
* FHL2 - PRF1
* FHL3 - UNC13D
* FHL4 - STX11

Acquired (secondary)

HLF is also prominently linked with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, [cite journal |author=Fisman DN |title=Hemophagocytic syndromes and infection |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=601–608 |year=2000 |pmid=11076718 |doi= |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol6no6/fisman.htm] however it can also be associated with other viruses as well as fungal infections.

Treatment

Etoposide, cyclosporin, and methotrexate are among the medications that have been proposed. [cite journal |author=Henter JI, Samuelsson-Horne A, Aricò M, "et al" |title=Treatment of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with HLH-94 immunochemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation |journal=Blood |volume=100 |issue=7 |pages=2367–2373 |year=2002 |pmid=12239144 |doi=10.1182/blood-2002-01-0172 |url=http://www.bloodjournal.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12239144]

Use of the CHOP protocol has been described.cite journal |author=Shin HJ, Chung JS, Lee JJ, "et al" |title=Treatment outcomes with CHOP chemotherapy in adult patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis |journal=J. Korean Med. Sci. |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=439–44 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=18583880 |doi=10.3346/jkms.2008.23.3.439 |url=http://jkms.org/contents/jkms.php?pubyear=2008&vol=23&fpage=439]

References

External links

* http://www.hrtrust.org/library/HLHSymptomsSignsAndDiagnosis.html
*
* http://www.histio.org


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