Transit of Phobos from Mars

[
right|240px|thumbnail|Phobos_transits the Sun, as seen by Mars Rover "Opportunity" on March 10 2004]

A transit of Phobos across the Sun as seen from Mars takes place when Phobos passes directly between the Sun and a point on the surface of Mars, obscuring a large part of the Sun's disc for an observer on Mars. During a transit, Phobos can be seen from Mars as a large black disc rapidly moving across the face of the Sun. At the same time, the shadow of Phobos moves across the Martian surface.

The event could also be referred to as a partial occultation (or, popularly but inaccurately, a partial eclipse) of the Sun by Phobos.

Transit

A transit of Phobos from Mars usually lasts only thirty seconds or so, due to the moon's very rapid orbital period of about 7.6 hours.

Because Phobos orbits close to Mars and in line with its equator, transits of Phobos occur somewhere on Mars on most days of the Martian year. Its orbital inclination is 1.08°, so the latitude of its shadow projected onto the Martian surface shows a seasonal variation, moving from 70.4°S to 70.4°N and back again over the course of a Martian year. Phobos is so close to Mars that it is not visible south of 70.4°S or north of 70.4°N; for some days in the year, its shadow misses the surface entirely and falls north or south of Mars.

At any given geographical location on the surface of Mars, there are two intervals in a Martian year when the shadows of Phobos or Deimos is passing through its latitude. During each such interval, about half a dozen transits of Phobos can be seen by observers at that geographical location (compared to zero or one transits of Deimos). Transits of Phobos in the northern hemisphere happen during Martian autumn and winter; close to the equator they happen around the autumnal equinox and the vernal equinox; farther from the equator they happen closer to the winter solstice.

Observers at high latitudes less than 70.4° will see a noticeably smaller angular diameter for Phobos because they are considerably farther away from it than observers at Mars's equator. As a result, transits of Phobos for such observers will cover less of the Sun's disk. Because it orbits so close to Mars, Phobos cannot be seen north of 70.4°N or south of 70.4°S; such latitudes will obviously not see transits either.

Mars Rover "Opportunity" photographed transits of Phobos on March 7 2004 and March 10 2004 and March 12 2004. In the captions below, the first row shows Earth time UTC and the second row shows Martian local solar time.

The data is the tables below is generated using [http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?horizons JPL Horizons] . There is some small discrepancy with the times reported for the series of images above. This may be due to imprecision in the ephemeris data used by JPL Horizons; also the JPL Horizons data gives local apparent solar time while the times reported above are probably some form of mean solar time (and therefore some of the discrepancy would be due to the Martian equivalent of the equation of time).

Images of the shadow

Viewed from orbit, the penumbral shadow of Phobos can be seen to move rapidly over the Martian surface. This shadow on the Martian surface has been photographed on many occasions by Mars Global Surveyor and by earlier space probes.

Early observations

In the 1970s, the Viking 1 Lander detected the penumbral shadow of Phobos passing across it. [ [http://history.nasa.gov/SP-425/ch38.htm ch38 ] ] This was detected only as a slight dimming of the ambient light; the Viking camera did not image the Sun. The shadow took about 20 s to pass over the Lander, moving at 2 km/s. The shadow was simultaneously imaged from the Viking Orbiter 1, which permitted locating the position of the lander in the orbiter pictures.

Far more detailed images of the shadow were taken with the arrival in 1997 of the Mars Global Surveyor and its high-resolution Mars Orbital Camera.

=August 26 1999

One such image was taken by the Mars Global Surveyor on August 26 1999 and shows the shadow at high resolution. This image was featured in a November 1 1999 NASA press release. [ [http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mgs/msss/camera/images/11_1_99_phobos/index.html NASA press release] ]

By examining maps of Mars [ [http://pdsmaps.wr.usgs.gov/explorer-bin/mapmars3.cgi?WHEREFROM=PZ&VERSION=ADVANCED&DATA_SET_NAME=v2mars_viking_bw&PIXEL_TYPE=BIT8&SCALE=pixels/degree&PROJECTION=SIMPLE_CYLINDRICAL&RESOLUTION=64&RESAMP_METHOD=NEAREST_NEIGHBOR&BANDS_SELECTED=1&FORMAT=JPEG&LONBOX=6&LATBOX=10&GRIDLINE_FREQUENCY=1&STRETCH=AUTO&LAT=11&LON=50&LINE=512&SAMP=512 Map of area] [http://pdsmaps.wr.usgs.gov/explorer-bin/mapmars3.cgi?WHEREFROM=PZ&VERSION=ADVANCED&DATA_SET_NAME=v2mars_viking_bw&PIXEL_TYPE=BIT8&SCALE=pixels/degree&PROJECTION=SIMPLE_CYLINDRICAL&RESOLUTION=256&RESAMP_METHOD=NEAREST_NEIGHBOR&BANDS_SELECTED=1&FORMAT=JPEG&LONBOX=2&LATBOX=2&GRIDLINE_FREQUENCY=0.1&STRETCH=AUTO&LAT=10.9&LON=49.2&LINE=512&SAMP=512 Map zoom] ] we see the shadow is centered at around 10.9°N 49.2°W.

We can also look up the original image files at M04-03241 (red) [ [http://www.msss.com/moc_gallery/ab1_m04/images/M0403241.html MOC wide-angle image M04-03241 ] ] and M04-03242 (blue), [ [http://www.msss.com/moc_gallery/ab1_m04/images/M0403242.html MOC wide-angle image M04-03242 ] ] part of the gallery of MOC Wide-Angle Images, Region Lunae Palus, Subphase M04. [ [http://www.msss.com/moc_gallery/ab1_m04/watables/mc10-M04-wa.html MOC Wide-Angle Images, Region Lunae Palus, Subphase M04] ] The "image start time" was 03:26:13.01 UTC, the "line integration time" is 80.4800 milliseconds, and the "downtrack summing" factor is 4. Since the shadow is centered at 6400 pixels from the bottom of the original 10800-pixel-high image (Mars Global Surveyor had a south-to-north sun-synchronous orbit), we add (6400 × 0.08048 × 4) = 2060.3 seconds = 34 minutes 20.3 seconds to get a time of 04:00:33.3 UTC for the center of the shadow.

Putting in the longitude/latitude/altitude coordinate values -310.8,10.9,0 intoJPL Horizons [ [http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?horizons Page Moved ] ] we see that the predicted time of mid-transit was 04:00:36 UTC, in perfect agreement within the error of determining the exact longitude and latitude of the center of the shadow. This was about 14:41 Martian local solar time, and the Sun's altitude was 46.5° above the horizon. JPL Horizons also shows that on August 26 1999 the distance between the Earth and Mars was 9.6 light-minutes.

=Other

[
penumbral shadow of Phobos on Mars on September 1 1999 as imaged by Mars Global Surveyor. The center of the shadow was at 14°N 236°W at 20:49:02.4 UTC. The text label of "20:13:05" represents the image start time.]

Many dozens of other images of the shadow exist, but these are much lower resolution (by a factor of 27/4). Three such images are shown in the November 1 1999 NASA press release. [November 1 1999 [http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mgs/msss/camera/images/11_1_99_phobos/index.html NASA press release] .]

Note the timestamps printed on the photos in the NASA press release do "not" correspond to the actual time that the shadow was imaged, rather they represent the "image start time" of a vertically much larger original image. Mars Global Surveyor orbits Mars in a sun-synchronous polar orbit with orbital period 117.65 minutes, moving from south pole to north pole, and continuously points its camera straight down. The result is an image in the form of a very long thin vertical strip, where the pixels in the top part of the image are imaged nearly one hour after those in the bottom part of the image. In principle the image could be as much as 43200 pixels high, but "downtrack summing" is used to merge adjacent lines. For instance, a downtrack summing factor of 27 causes every 27 lines to be merged into one, resulting in an image 1600 pixels high. Thus to determine the actual time that the Phobos shadow was imaged, it is necessary to locate the original image and measure how many pixels from the bottom of the image the shadow is found and add the corresponding offset to the image start time.

For example, we examine the image labeled with the timestamp 9/1/1999 20:13:05 (UTC). We have the original images M07-00166 (red) [ [http://www.msss.com/moc_gallery/m07_m12/images/M07/M0700166.html MOC global-map image M07-00166 ] ] and M07-00167 (blue), [ [http://www.msss.com/moc_gallery/m07_m12/images/M07/M0700167.html MOC global-map image M07-00167 ] ] part of the gallery of MOC Global-Map Images, Subphase M07. [ [http://www.msss.com/moc_gallery/m07_m12/gmtables/M07-gm.1999-09-01.html MOC Global-Map Images, Subphase M07] ] The shadow is situated at roughly 14°N 236°W. [ [http://pdsmaps.wr.usgs.gov/explorer-bin/mapmars3.cgi?WHEREFROM=PZ&VERSION=ADVANCED&DATA_SET_NAME=v2mars_viking_bw&PIXEL_TYPE=BIT8&SCALE=pixels/degree&PROJECTION=SINUSOIDAL&RESOLUTION=64&RESAMP_METHOD=NEAREST_NEIGHBOR&BANDS_SELECTED=1&FORMAT=JPEG&LONBOX=20&LATBOX=10&GRIDLINE_FREQUENCY=1&STRETCH=AUTO&LAT=13&LON=235&LINE=960&SAMP=960 map] ]

In this case the image start time is 20:13:04.69 UTC, the line integration time is 80.48 milliseconds, and the downtrack summing factor is 27. The shadow is about 8 pixels high, centered at 993 pixels from the bottom of the original 1600-pixel-high image. We add (993 × 0.08048 × 27) = 2157.75 seconds = 35 minutes 57.75 seconds to get a time of 20:49:02.4 UTC for the center of the shadow.

Putting in the longitude/latitude/altitude coordinate values -124,14,0 into JPL Horizons gives an expected time of 20:49 for the transit, which is in good agreement once again. On September 1 1999 the distance between the Earth and Mars was 9.9 light-minutes.

ee also

* Astronomy on Mars
* Transit of Mercury from Mars
* Transit of Venus from Mars
* Transit of Earth from Mars
* Transit of Deimos from Mars

References

* J. Bell, M. Lemmon, M. Wolff, "Transits of Mars I and II", IAU Circ., 8298, 2 (2004). [http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iauc/08200/08298.html] (TeX DVI file is at [http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iauc/08200/08298.dvi] ).

References

External links

* [http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?horizons JPL Horizons] (must use telnet interface for non-Earth observation points)
* [http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/all/opportunity_p042.html Opportunity image gallery: Sol 42] (small images of the March 7 2004 grazing transit are near the top of the page).
* [http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/all/opportunity_p045.html Opportunity image gallery: Sol 45] (small images of the March 10 2004 transit are near the middle of the page).
* [http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/all/opportunity_p047.html Opportunity image gallery: Sol 47] (small images of the March 12 2004 transit are near the bottom of the page).
* [http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA05553 Animation of March 10 2004 transit]