Hiram Bingham IV

Hiram "Harry" Bingham IV (July 17 1903 – January 12 1988) was an American diplomat. He served as a Vice-Consul in Marseille, France, during World War II, and helped over 2,500 Jews to flee from France as Nazi forces advanced.

Early life

Bingham was one of seven sons of former Connecticut Governor and US Senator Hiram Bingham III and his first wife, Alfreda Mitchell, the heiress of the Tiffany and Co. fortune through her grandfather Charles L. Tiffany. His great-grandfather Hiram Bingham I and grandfather Hiram Bingham II were the first missionaries to the Kingdom of Hawai'i. Bingham attended the prestigious Groton School and graduated from Yale University in 1925.cite web
url=http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2006_05/where.html
title=Civil Disobedience
author=Bryan Mark Rigg
publisher=Yale Alumni Magazine
date=May/June 2006
accessdate=2008-01-25]

While posted in London, he met Rose Lawton Morrison, a college drama teacher from Waycross, Georgia, whom he escorted to Buckingham Palace to meet the Queen. They later married and had eleven children.

Foreign service

Bingham served in Kobe, Japan, as a civilian secretary in the United States Embassy. He worked part-time as a schoolteacher. He traveled to India and Egypt before returning to the United States to attend Harvard University. After obtaining his law degree, he scored third in his class on the foreign service exam.

Bingham's first assignment in the United States Foreign Service was in Beijing, China. There, he witnessed the beginnings of the communist revolution. His travels through Asia piqued Bingham's interest in eastern religious philosophy. He spent the rest of his life trying to reconcile eastern religious philosophies with that of the Christian traditions his family had been historically known to preach.

Bingham also served in Warsaw, Poland, sharing a with another diplomat, Charles W. Yost, whose daughter, Felicity, became Bingham's god-daughter. In 1934, Bingham served as third secretary to the United States Embassy in London.

Vice Consul in France

In 1939, Bingham was posted to the US Consulate in Marseille, where he, together with another vice-consul named Myles Standish, was in charge of issuing entry visas to the USA.

On June 10 1940, Adolf Hitler's forces invaded France and the French government fell. The French signed an armistice with Germany. In Article 19 of the document, the French agreed to "surrender on demand all Germans named by the German government in France." Civil and military police began to round up German and Jewish refugees who were marked for death by the Nazis. Several influential Europeans tried to lobby the American government to issue visas so that German and Jewish refugees could freely leave France and escape persecution.

Anxious to limit immigration to the United States and to maintain good relations with the Vichy government, the State Department actively discouraged diplomats from helping refugees. However, Bingham cooperated with Varian Fry in issuing visas and helping refugees escape France. Among those they helped Fry to rescue were famous authors and artists: Leon Feuchtwanger, Franz Werfel, Alma Mahler Werfel, Heinrich Mann, Golo Mann, brother and son of Thomas Mann, Max Ernst, Marc Chagall, André Breton, André Masson, Nobel Laureate Otto Meyerhof, Konrad Heiden, and Hannah Arendt.

He also sheltered Jews in his Marseilles home, and obtained forged identity papers to help Jews in their dangerous journeys across Europe. He worked with the French underground to smuggle Jews out of France into Franco's Spain or across the Mediterranean and even contributed to their expenses out of his own pocket.

Consequence

In 1941, the United States government abruptly pulled Bingham from his position as Vice Consul and transferred him to Portugal and then Argentina. When he was in Argentina, he helped to track Nazi war criminals in South America. In 1945, after being passed over for promotion, he resigned from the United States Foreign Service.

Bingham did not speak much about his wartime activities. His own family had little knowledge of them until after Bingham's death; his youngest son discovered a tightly wrapped bundle of letters, documents and photographs in a cupboard behind a chimney in the family home. The bundle told of Bingham's struggle to save German and Jewish refugees from death, details long hidden by the United States government. Bingham's wife Rose and son Thomas also found Marseilles documents in the Connecticut farmhouse which they forwarded to the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in 1991.

Honors

After considering Bingham's deeds during the war years in Marseille for a number years, Yad Vashem issued the Bingham family a letter of appreciation on March 7 2005. Although not a Righteous Among the Nations designation, the letter noted the "humanitarian disposition" of Bingham IV "at a time of persecution of Jews by the Vichy regime in France.... [in] contrast to certain other officials who rather acted suspiciously toward Jewish refugees wishing to enter the United States."cite web
url=http://pages.cthome.net/WWIIHERO/
title=Courageous Dissent: How Harry Bingham Defied His Government to Save Lives
publisher=Robert Kim Bingham
accessdate=2008-01-25]

On June 27 2002, U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell presented a posthumous "Courageous Dissent" award to Bingham's children at an American Foreign Service Officers Association awards ceremony in Washington, DC. His son Robert Kim Bingham, Sr. had lobbied the U.S. Postal Service to issue a stamp in honor of his father since 1998. After the proposal received wide bipartisan support in Congress, a commemorative stamp depicting Hiram Bingham IV as a "Distinguished American Diplomat" was issued on May 30 2006. [cite news
url=http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/May/20060525115413jmnamdeirf0.560177.html
title=Commemorative Stamp Honoring Diplomat Hiram Bingham Unveiled
publisher=United States Department of State
accessdate=2008-01-25
"and" cite journal
author=ed. William J. Gicker |year=2006 |title=Distinguished American Diplomats 39¢ |format=print |journal=USA Philatelic
volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=14 |id= |url= |accessdate=2008-07-17 ]

On October 27 2006, the Anti-Defamation League posthumously presented Bingham its "Courage to Care" award at the ADL’s national conference in Atlanta. In November 2006, the U.S. Episcopal Church added Bingham to a list of "American Saints" published in the book "A Year with American Saints" with a summary of his life and character.

Hiram "Harry" Bingham IV has received other notable tributes for his rescue efforts during 1940-41, while serving as a U.S. consul in Marseilles.

References

Further reading

* "Courageous Dissent: How Harry Bingham Defied His Government to Save Lives", by Robert Kim Bingham. ISBN 0961360232

External links

* [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/05/31/eveningnews/main1670573.shtml?source=RSS&attr=U.S._1670573 Hero Quietly Did The Right Thing, CBS Evening News] , May 30 2006
* [http://pages.cthome.net/WWIIHERO/ Website of Bingham's son, Robert Kim Bingham]