Hallucigenia

Taxobox
name = "Hallucigenia"
fossil_range = Middle Cambrian


image_width = 230px
image_caption = Artist's rendering of "Hallucigenia" according to the modern interpretation
regnum = Animalia
phylum = ?Onychophora
classis = ?Xenusia
ordo = ?Scleronychophora
familia = Hallucigeniidae
familia_authority = Morris, 1977
genus = "Hallucigenia"
genus_authority = Morris, 1977
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision =
*"H. sparsa" Morris, 1977 (type)
*"H. fortis" Hou & Bergström, 1995

"Hallucigenia" is an extinct genus of animal found as fossils in the Middle Cambrian-aged Burgess Shale formation of British Columbia, Canada. It was named by Simon Conway Morris when he re-examined Charles Walcott's Burgess Shale genus "Canadia" in 1979. Conway Morris found that what Walcott had called one genus in fact included several quite different animals. One of them was so unusual that nothing about it made much sense. Since the species clearly was not a polychaete worm, Conway Morris had to provide a new generic name to replace "Canadia". Conway Morris named the species "Hallucigenia sparsa" because of its "bizarre and dream-like quality" (like a hallucination).

Description and investigation

The 0.5 to 3 cm-long animal is wormlike — that is, long and narrow — with a poorly defined blob, or stain, on one end. This "blob" was arbitrarily designated the 'head' even though it had none of the features generally associated with heads: mouth, eyes, or other sensory organs. According to Morris' original interpretation, the animal has seven pincer-tipped tentacles lined up on one side and seven pairs of jointed spines on the other. Six of the tentacles are paired with spines, while one is in front of the spines. There are also six smaller tentacles which may be configured in three pairs behind the seven larger ones. In addition, there is a flexible, tube-like, tail-like body extension behind the tentacles.

Faced with an animal that had no obvious head and two types of appendages, neither of which seemed appropriate for any reasonable form of locomotion, Morris assigned the blob as the head and hypothesized that the spines were legs and that the tentacles were feeding appendages. Morris was able to demonstrate a workable if improbableFact|date=September 2008 method of walking on the spines. Only the forward tentacles can easily reach to the 'head,' meaning that a mouth on the head would have to be fed by passing food along the line of tentacles. Morris suggested that a hollow tube within each of the tentacles might be a "mouth". This raises questions such as how it would walk on the stiff legs, but it was accepted as the best available.cite book |author=Gould, Stephen Jay |title=Wonderful life: the Burgess Shale and the nature of history |publisher=W.W. Norton |location=New York |year=1989 |pages= |isbn=0-393-02705-8 |oclc= |doi=] A picture of the animal as reconstructed by Morris can be found at on Yvonne Navarro's website. [http://www.yvonnenavarro.com/hallug.htm Illustration of Hallucigenia] on Yvonne Navarro's website] .

An alternative interpretation once favored by some paleontologists was that Hallucigenia is actually an appendage of some larger, unknown animal. There had been precedent for this, as the species Anomalocaris had been originally identified as three separate creatures before being identified as a single huge (for its time) three foot long creature. Given the uncertainty of its taxonomy, "Hallucigenia" was tentatively placed within the phylum Lobopodia, a catch-all clade containing numerous odd "worms with legs." In 1991, Lars Ramskold and Hou Xianguang, working with additional specimens of a "hallucigenid," "Microdictyon", from the lower Cambrian Maotianshan shales of China, reinterpreted "Hallucigenia" as an Onychophore. They inverted it, interpreting the tentacles, which they believe to be paired, as walking structures and the spines as protective. Interestingly, none of the 30 or so known Burgess Shale specimens shows any sign of pairing in the large tentacles; nor do their Chinese counterparts. The pairing is based on a dissection of the actual fossil, which revealed what is probably a second tentacle structure. Ramskold and Hou also believe that the blob-like 'head' is actually a stain that appears in many specimens, not a preserved portion of the anatomy. Though Ramskold and Hou's is the accepted modern interpretation, it is far from problem-free. Unlike its contemporary "Aysheaia", "Hallucigenia" has very little resemblance to modern Onychophora. The elongated, and clawed legs bear little resemblance to the paired annulated legs of the Onychophora. It is unknown what the spines were made of and how much 'protection' they offered. They do not seem to be preserved independent of the soft-shelled animals as carbonate or chitinous shells would probably be. It is not easy to explain why 30 or more specimens — each hypothesized to have seven pairs of rather long, flexible legs — do not show even one example of paired legs. But at least this reconstruction of the animal can plausibly walk, and the spines serve a reasonable purpose. A picture of this reconstruction as well as a photograph of an actual fossil can be seen on the Geological Survey of Canada's website. [ [http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/paleochron/09_e.php Past lives: Chronicles of Canadian Paleontology: The Hallucigenia flip] from the Geological Survey of Canada]

Some paleontologists accept Ramskold and Hou's interpretation of the animal's legs, spines, and head, but also believe that "Hallucigenia" might be an "armored lobopod" related to "Anomalocaris". This does not rule out this bizarre creature also being related to the Onychophora, but rather may point to it coming from some time during or near the split of the two closely related groups.cite book |author=Carroll, Sean B. |title=Endless Forms Most Beautiful: The New Science of Evo Devo |publisher=W. W. Norton |location=New York |year= |pages= |isbn=0-393-32779-5 |oclc= |doi=]

"Hallucigenia" in popular culture

FuRo robotics, a Japanese technology company, took inspiration from the Hallucigenia's unique anatomy in designing their Hallucigenia-I and Halluc-II concept vehicles. Working prototypes of these vehicles, which have 8 wheels on the end of 8 robotic appendages, can move in any direction and can climb over uneven terrain.

The detailed description of a Jart in Greg Bear's science fiction novel "Eon" is a scaled-up version of the original, incorrect reconstruction of "Hallucigenia" as walking on its spines.

"Hallucigenia" served as the model for the conceptual cosmic entity "Anomaly" in issue #20 of the Marvel Comics Quasar series. [ [http://www.marvunapp.com/Appendix/AnomalyI.htm Anomaly] from marvunapp.com]

References

External links

* [http://web.archive.org/web/20060427054038/http://www.nmnh.si.edu/paleo/shale/phallu.htm http://www.nmnh.si.edu/paleo/shale/phallu.htm] - (Internet Archive)
*http://www.arrakis.es/~owenwang/articulos/pasados.htm (Spanish)