Unhappy triad

Infobox_Disease
Name = Unhappy triad


Caption = Knee
DiseasesDB =
ICD10 = ICD10|S|83|7|s|80
ICD9 =
ICDO =
OMIM =
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An unhappy triad (or terrible triad, or O'Donoghue's triadcite journal |author=Shelbourne K, Nitz P |title=The O'Donoghue triad revisited. Combined knee injuries involving anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligament tears |journal=Am J Sports Med |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=474–7 |year= 1991 |pmid=1962712 |doi=10.1177/036354659101900509] ) is an injury to the knee. It commonly occurs in contact sports (such as American football). The mechanism for this injury occurs when a lateral (outside) force to the knee is received while the foot is fixed on the ground in external rotation.

tructures in triad

This scenario causes an injury to three knee structures:

* the anterior cruciate ligament
* the medial collateral ligament (or "tibial collateral ligament")
* the medial meniscus

The inclusion of the lateral meniscus in the triad has been recently ascertained as it previously had been incorrectly postulated that the medial meniscus was the third component.cite journal |author=Barber F |title=What is the terrible triad? |journal=Arthroscopy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=19–22 |year=1992 |pmid=1550645]

Terminology

The term "unhappy triad" was coined by O'Donoghue in 1950. [cite journal |author=O'Donoghue D |title=Surgical treatment of fresh injuries to the major ligaments of the knee |journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am |volume=32 |issue=A:4 |pages=721–38 |year=1950 |pmid=14784482] [cite journal |author=O'Donoghue D |title=The unhappy triad: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment |journal=Am J Orthop |volume=6 |issue= |pages=242–7 PASSIM |year= |pmid=14237439] However, since then, this term and the term "terrible triad" have also been used to describe several other combinations of joint injuries, including those of the elbow [cite journal |author=Pugh D, McKee M |title=The "terrible triad" of the elbow |journal=Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=21–9 |year=2002 |pmid=16520629 |doi=10.1097/00130911-200203000-00005] and shoulder. [cite journal |author=Simonich S, Wright T |title=Terrible triad of the shoulder |journal=J Shoulder Elbow Surg |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=566–8 |year= |pmid=14671520 |doi=10.1016/S1058-2746(03)00216-7]

The term "terrible triad" is also sometimes used in the popular press to describe conditions relating to pain, or even to refer to the MacDonald triad of sociopathic behavior.

ee also

* Anterior cruciate ligament injury
* Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

=Additional

References

External links

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