Trial of Clay Shaw

On March 1, 1967, New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison arrested and charged New Orleans businessman Clay Shaw with conspiring to assassinate President Kennedy, with the help of Lee Harvey Oswald, David Ferrie, and others. On January 29, 1969, Clay Shaw was brought to trial on these charges. A jury took less than an hour to find Clay Shaw not guilty. To date, it is the only trial to be brought for the assassination of President Kennedy.

Charges

To support his prosecution of Clay Shaw, Garrison attempted to prove the following:

*Clay Shaw was the "Clay Bertrand" who purportedly contacted New Orleans attorney Dean Andrews, to see whether Andrews would be interested in representing Oswald at trial. [http://www.goochinfo.homestead.com/shaw.html Clay Shaw and The JFK Assassination ] ]

*Witnesses testified that they saw Oswald with Clay Shaw and David Ferrie in Clinton, Louisiana just two months before the JFK assassination. [ [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/report/html/HSCA_Report_0086b.htm HSCA Final Assassinations Report] , House Select Committee on Assassinations, p. 142.]

*Vernon Bundy testified that he saw Lee Oswald and Clay Shaw together, on the seawall along Lake Pontchartrain, in New Orleans during July 1963. He said that Shaw spoke with Oswald and gave Oswald some money.

*Perry Russo testified that Clay Shaw, Oswald, and David Ferrie were present at a party at Ferrie's New Orleans apartment in September 1963, during which they discussed the assassination of JFK, including the "triangulation of crossfire" and the need to have an alibi for that day.

Key persons and witnesses

*Jim Garrison — District Attorney of New Orleans who believed, at various points, that the John F. Kennedy assassination had been the work of Central Intelligence Agency personnel, anti-Castro Cuban exiles, "a homosexual thrill killing,"James Phelan, Scandals, Scamps, and Scoundrels, (Random House, 1st Edition 1982) pp. 150-151.] [Hugh Aynesworth, "The Garrison Goosechase", Dallas Times Herald, November 21, 1982] and ultra right-wing activists. [ [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/suspects.htm All Those Assassination Suspects] ] "My staff and I solved the case weeks ago," Garrison announced in February 1967. "I wouldn't say this if we didn't have evidence beyond a shadow of a doubt." [Milton E. Brener, The Garrison Case (New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1969), p. 84.]

*Clay Shaw — a successful businessman, playwright, pioneer of restoration in New Orleans' French Quarter, and director of the International Trade Mart in New Orleans.

*Perry Russo — Following the death of David Ferrie, Perry Russo contacted D.A. Jim Garrison's office to say he had known Ferrie in the early Sixties and that Ferrie had spoken about assassinating the President. [ Patricia Lambert, False Witness (New York: M. Evans and Co., 1998), p. 304 fn. 4.] He became Garrison's main witness when he claimed to have overheard Ferrie plotting the assassination with a white-haired man named "Clem Bertrand," who he would later identify in court as Clay Shaw. [ [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/session1.htm Perry Russo was Jim Garrison's Conspiracy Witness in the Clay Shaw Trial ] ]

*David Ferrie — a former Eastern Airlines pilot and associate of Guy Bannister. Ferrie drove from New Orleans to Houston on the night of the assassination with two friends, Alvin Beauboeuf and Melvin Coffey. [ [http://www.jfk-online.com/dbdfhouston.html David Blackburst Archive: David Ferrie's Houston Trip: JFK assassination investigation: Jim Garrison New Orleans investigation of the John F. Kennedy assassination ] ] The trip was investigated by the New Orleans Police Department, the Houston Police, the FBI, and the Texas Rangers. These investigative units said that they were unable to develop a case against Ferrie, and Garrison initially accepted their conclusions. Three years later, however, Garrison became suspicious of the official Warren Commission version of the assassination, after a chance conversation with Louisiana Senator Russell Long. Ferrie died on February 22, 1967, less than a week after news of Garrison's investigation broke in the media. Garrison would later call Ferrie, "one of history's most important individuals." [ [http://www.maebrussell.com/Garrison/Garrison%20Playboy%20Intvw%201.html Playboy Interview] ]

Background

On the afternoon of November 22, 1963, the day that President Kennedy was assassinated, Guy Banister and Jack Martin sat drinking in the Katzenjammer Bar, located in New Orleans next door to 544 Camp Street. On their return to Banister's office, the two men got into a heated argument over telephone bills. According to the Police Report taken on that night, Banister drew his .357 magnum revolver and pistol-whipped Martin several times after telling Martin not to call him a liar. [ [http://www.jfk-online.com/jfk100banmar.html#N_3_ JFK Record No. 180-10112-10372] ] Martin was injured and an ambulance was called, which carried Martin to Charity Hospital. [ [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0067b.htm 544 Camp Street and Related Events] , House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 13, p. 130.] [ Marrs, Jim. "Crossfire: The Plot that Killed Kennedy", (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1989), p. 494. ISBN 0-88184-648-1 ]

Over the next few days, Jack Martin told authorities and reporters that Banister had often been in the company of a man named David Ferrie whom Martin claimed had been involved in the assassination of John F. Kennedy. [ Marrs, "Crossfire", p. 494. ] Martin told the New Orleans police that Ferrie "...was supposed to have been the getaway pilot in the assassination." [ [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0058b.htm David Ferrie] , House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, pp. 112-13.] According to Martin, Ferrie had known Lee Harvey Oswald from their days in the New Orleans Civil Air Patrol and had seen a photograph, at Ferrie's home, of Oswald in a Civil Air Patrol group. He said that Ferrie may have taught Oswald how to use a rifle with a telescopic sight, and that Ferrie had threatened Kennedy's life, even outlining plans to kill him. He also said that Oswald had Ferrie's library card in his possession when Oswald was arrested, but added that this may have been a misunderstanding of something he had seen in the news. [ [http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=10477&relPageId=219 FBI Interview of Jack S. Martin] , 25 November 1963 & 27 November 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, pp. 217-18, 309-11.]

Martin claimed that Ferrie had driven from New Orleans to Texas on the night of the assassination. (In fact, Ferrie and two friends drove 350 miles to the Winterland Skating Rink in Houston, Texas, about 240 miles from Dallas, that evening.) Ferrie acknowledged that he wanted to open an ice rink in New Orleans and wanted to gather information about that business. Of significance to some researchers is a claim that Ferrie allegedly spoke at length to [rink manager] Chuck Rolland about the cost of installation and operation of the rink." [ [http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=10477&relPageId=290 FBI Interview of David Ferrie] , November 25, 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, pp. 288-89.] Rolland would deny having any conversations with Ferrie. [ Summers, Anthony. "Not in Your Lifetime", (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), p. 351. ISBN 1-56924-739-0] [ [http://www.acorn.net/jfkplace/09/fp.back_issues/05th_Issue/ferrie.html The Mystery of David Ferrie] ]

Some of this information reached New Orleans district attorney Jim Garrison who quickly arrested Ferrie and turned him over to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). On November 25, Ferrie and Martin were interviewed by the FBI. Martin told the FBI that Ferrie may have hypnotized Oswald into assassinating Kennedy. The FBI considered Martin unreliable. [ Posner, Gerald "", (New York: Random House Publishers, 1993), p. 428. ISBN 0-679-41825-3 ] Nevertheless, the FBI interviewed Ferrie twice about Martin's allegations. [ [http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=10477&relPageId=290 FBI Interview of David Ferrie] , 25 November 1963 & 27 November 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, pp. 288-89, 199-200.] The FBI also interviewed about twenty other people in connection with the allegations. The FBI said that it was unable to develop a substantial case against Ferrie. He was later released by the FBI with an apology. (An inquiry by the House Select Committee on Assassinations, conducted a decade and a half later, concluded that the FBI's "...overall investigation of the 544 Camp Street issue at the time of the assassination was not thorough.") [ [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0065b.htm 544 Camp Street and Related Events] , House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 13, p. 126.]

Garrison initially accepted the FBI's conclusions. However, three years later, Garrison's viewpoint began to change after a chance meeting with Louisiana Senator Russell Long. [ Marrs, "Crossfire", pp. 496-97. ] Senator Long believed that although Oswald played a role in the assassination that others were involved. [ Louis Sproesser, The Garrison Investigation: November 1966 to February 1968 (Sturbridge, Mass.: Southern New England Research, 1999), p. 9, citing the New York Times, November 22, 1966 ]

It was a comment that was to spur Garrison, in the autumn of 1966, to re-examine the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Garrison was not able to question Guy Banister, since he had died of a heart attack in 1964. [ Summers, "Not in Your Lifetime", p. 226.] However, Garrison reinterviewed Jack Martin who told the district attorney that Banister and his associates were involved in activities that included burglarized armories, missing weapons, raided ammunition caches and gun-running operations. Garrison wrote: "The Banister apparatus ... was part of a supply line that ran along the Dallas--New Orleans--Miami corridor. These supplies consisted of arms and explosives for use against Castro's Cuba." [Marrs, "Crossfire", p. 497.] Garrison's allegations have never been corroborated; his only source for these claims was Martin. [ Jim Garrison, On the Trail of the Assassins (New York: Warner Books, 1992), p. 43. ]

According to Guy Banister's personal secretary, Delphine Roberts, David Ferrie was a frequent visitor to the 544 Camp Street address of Guy Banister. [ Summers, "Not in Your Lifetime", p. 233.] The House Select Committee on Assassinations investigated Roberts' claims could not determine the reliability of her statements. [ [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0067a.htm 544 Camp Street and Related Events] , House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 13, p. 129.]

Reportedly, Garrison initially believed that the assassination was a "homosexual thrill killing." [ http://www.jfkassassination.net/jimloon5.htm Assassination a Homosexual Thrill Killing] However, as Garrison continued his investigation he became convinced that a group of right-wing activists, which he believed included David Ferrie, Guy Banister, and Clay Shaw (director of the International Trade Mart in New Orleans), were involved in a conspiracy with elements of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to kill President Kennedy. Garrison would later claim that the motive for the assassination was anger over Kennedy's foreign policy, especially Kennedy's efforts to find a political, rather than a military, solution in Cuba and Southeast Asia, and his efforts toward a rapprochement with the Soviet Union. [ [http://www.jfklancer.com/Garrison2.html "Playboy" interview] ] [Garrison, Jim. "On The Trail of the Assassins", (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1988), p. 12. ISBN 0-446-36277-8] Garrison also believed that Shaw, Banister, and Ferrie had conspired to set up Oswald as a patsy in the JFK assassination. [ [http://www.ctka.net/nbc_cia.html "Shoot Him Down" : NBC, the CIA and Jim Garrison" by William Davy] ] [ [http://www.geocities.com/oswaldpatsy The Patsy - Oswald] ]

Garrison tried to keep his investigation secret from the local press but on February 17, 1967, the "New Orleans States-Item" published a story on Garrison's activities with the headline: DA HERE LAUNCHES FULL JFK DEATH PLOT PROBE. [ Marrs, "Crossfire", pp. 501-2. ]

On February 22, 1967, less than a week after the newspaper broke the story of Garrison's investigation, David Ferrie, then his chief suspect, was found dead in his apartment from a Berry Aneurysm. In his apartment, two unsigned typed letters were found. The first, found in a pile of papers, was a screed about the justice system, beginning with, "To leave this life is, for me, a sweet prospect." (The entire letter can be read here.) [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/David_Ferrie%27s_purported_suicide_notes David Ferrie's purported suicide notes] ] The second note was written to Alvin Beauboeuf, Ferrie's friend. Regarding the coroners finding that Ferrie died of natural causes, Garrison said "I suppose it could just be a weird coincidence that the night Ferrie penned two suicide notes, he died of natural causes." [ [http://www.jfklancer.com/Garrison2.html "Playboy" interview] ]

Garrison suspected that Ferrie had been murdered despite Ferrie's notes and the coroner's report to the contrary. The day the newspaper story first ran, Garrison aide Lou Ivon stated that Ferrie telephoned him to say: "You know what this news story does to me, don't you. I'm a dead man. From here on, believe me, I'm a dead man...." [ Garrison. "On The Trail of the Assassins", p. 138. ] Ferrie had told others around this time that he felt he would die in the near future because of his deteoriating health. [Gus Russo, Live by the Sword (Baltimore: Bancroft Press, 1998), p. 402.] [ Gerald Posner, Case Closed (New York: Random House, 1993), p. 436.]

With Ferrie dead, Garrison began to focus his attention on Clay Shaw, director of the International Trade Mart. Garrison had Shaw arrested on March 1, 1967, charging him with being part of a conspiracy in the John F. Kennedy assassination.

Earlier, Garrison had been searching for a "Clay Bertrand," a man referred to in the Warren Commission report. New Orleans attorney Dean Andrews testified to the Warren Commission that while he was hosptialized for pneumonia, he received a call from "Clay Bertrand" the day after the assassination, asking him to fly to Dallas to represent Lee Harvey Oswald. [ Marrs, "Crossfire", p. 497. ] According to FBI reports, Andrews told them that this phone call from "Clay Bertrand" was a figment of his imagination. [ [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh11/html/WC_Vol11_0172b.htm Testimony of Dean Adams Andrews, Jr.] , Warren Commission Hearings, Volume. 11 p. 334.] However, Andrews testified to the Warren Commission that the reason he told the FBI this was because of FBI harassment. [ [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh11/html/WC_Vol11_0172b.htm Testimony of Dean Adams Andrews, Jr.] , Warren Commission Hearings, Volume. 11 p. 334.] [ [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh11/html/WC_Vol11_0172b.htm Testimony of Dean Adams Andrews, Jr.] , Warren Commission Hearings, Volume. 11 p. 334.]

In his book, "On The Trail of the Assassins", Garrison claims that after a long search of the New Orleans French Quarter, his staff was informed by the bartender at the tavern “Cosimo’s” that "Clay Bertrand" was the alias that Clay Shaw used. According to Garrison, the bartender felt it was no big secret and, sure enough, “my men began encountering one person after another in the French Quarter who confirmed that it was common knowledge that 'Clay Bertrand' was the name Clay Shaw went by.” [Garrison, "On The Trail of the Assassins", pp. 85-86.] However, a February 25, 1967 memo by Garrison investigator Lou Ivon to Jim Garrison states that he could not locate a Clay Bertrand despites numerous inquiries and contacts. [ [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/garrison.htm#ivonmemo Lou Ivon: No "Clay Bertrand"] ]

When Garrison's evidence was presented to a New Orleans grand jury, Clay Shaw was indicted on a charge that he conspired with David W. Ferrie, Lee Harvey Oswald, and others named and charged to murder John F. Kennedy." A three-judge panel upheld the indictment and ordered Shaw to a jury trial. [ Marrs, "Crossfire", pp. 504-5. ]

Trial

Garrison believed that Clay Shaw was the mysterious "Clay Bertrand" mentioned in the Warren Commission investigation. In the Warren Commission Report, New Orleans attorney Dean Andrews claimed that he was contacted the day after the assassination by a "Clay Bertrand" who requested that he go to Dallas, Texas to represent Lee Harvey Oswald. [ Marrs, "Crossfire", p. 497.]

At the trial, the prosecution sought to have entered into evidence a fingerprint card with Clay Shaw's signature on it and, which also had on it, Shaw's admission that he had used the alias "Clay Bertrand." In regard to this, Judge Edward Haggerty, after dismissing the jury, conducted a day long hearing, in which he ruled the fingerprint card inadmissible. He said that two policemen had violated Shaw's constitutional rights by not permitting the defendant to have his lawyer present during the fingerprinting. Judge Haggerty also announced that Officer Habighorst had violated "Miranda v. Arizona" and "Escobedo v. Illinois" by not informing Clay Shaw that he had the right to remain silent. The judge said that Habighorst had violated Shaw's rights by allegedly questioning him about an alias, adding, "Even if he did [ask the question about an alias] it is not admissible." Judge Haggerty exclaimed, "If Officer Habighorst is telling the truth — and I seriously doubt it!" The judge finished with the statement, "I do not believe Officer Habighorst!" [James Kirkwood, "American Grotesque" (New York: Harper, 1992), [http://www.jfkassassination.net/shawbook.txt pp. 353-59] ]

Jim Garrison's key witness against Clay Shaw was Perry Russo. At the trial, Russo gave his account of an "assassination party" at David Ferrie's apartment, where Ferrie, Oswald, and "Clay Bertrand" (who Russo identified in the courtroom as Clay Shaw) talked about killing the President. The conversation included plans for the "triangulation of crossfire" and alibis for the participants. Russo’s version of events has been questioned by some historians and researchers, such as Patricia Lambert, once it became known that much of his testimony was induced by hypnotism and by the drug sodium pentothal, sometimes called "truth serum." [ [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russo3.txt Memorandum, February 28, 1967, "Interview with Perry Russo at Mercy Hospital [under influence of sodium Pentothal] on Feb. 27, 1967."] ] [Lambert, "False Witness", pp.72-73.]

Moreover, a memo detailing a pre-hypnosis interview with Russo in Baton Rouge, along with two hypnosis session transcripts, had been given to journalist James Phelan by Garrison. There were differences between the two accounts. [ [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/willing.htm Way Too Willing Witness by Dave Reitzes] ] Both Russo and Assistant D.A. Andrew Sciambra testified under cross examination that more was said at the interview, but omitted from the pre-hypnosis memorandum. James Phelan testified that Russo admitted to him in March 1967 that a February 25 memorandum of the interview, which contained no recollection of an assassination party, was accurate. [James Phelan, [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/phelan.htm "Rush to Judgment in New Orleans", "Saturday Evening Post", May 6, 1967.] ] However, in many public interviews, such as one shown in the video [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0104537/ The JFK Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes] , Russo reiterates the same account of an assassination party that he gave at the trial.

In addition to the issue of Russo's credibility, Garrison's case also included other questionable witnesses, such as Vernon Bundy, a heroin addict, and Charles Spiesel, who testified that he had been repeatedly hypnotized by government agencies. [ [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/jimlie7.htm Attempt to Use Insane Witness Blows Up In Garrison's Face] ] However, defenders of Garrison, such as journalist and researcher Jim Marrs, argue that Garrison's case was hampered by missing witnesses that Garrison had sought out. These witnesses included right-wing Cuban exile, Sergio Arcacha Smith, head of the CIA-backed, anti-Castro Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front in New Orleans, a group that David Ferrie was reputedly "extremely active in" [ [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0066a.htm 544 Camp Street and Related Events] , House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 13, p. 127.] , and a group that maintained an office in the same building as Guy Bannister. [ [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/html/HSCA_Vol10_0057b.htm David Ferrie] , House Select Committee on Assassinations - Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, p. 110.] According to Garrison, these witnesses had fled New Orleans to states whose governors refused to honor Garrison's extradition requests. [Marrs, "Crossfire", pp. 507-8.] However, Sergio Arcacha Smith had left New Orleans well before Garrison began his investigation [ Warren Commission Exhibit No. 1414 (Warren Commission Hearings Vol. XXII, 828-30). "Arcacha moved from New Orleans to Miami in October 1962, and from Miami to Houston in January 1963, and took a job as an air conditioning salesman in March 1963" (House Select Committee Statement of Mrs. Sergio Arcacha Smith, undated; David Blackburst, Newsgroup post of November 29, 1997). ] and was willing to speak with Garrison investigators if he was allowed to have legal representation present. [ [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/ripples.htm#N_263_ citing to New Orleans States-Item, May 23, 1967] ] Further, witnesses Gordon Novel from Ohio may have been extradited if Garrison pressed the case in Ohio [ Edward J. Epstein, The Assassination Chronicles, New York, 1992, p. 248 ] and Sandra Moffett was offered by the defense but opposed by Garrison's prosecution. [ Shaw trial transcript, Feb. 6, 1969, pp. 5-13 ]

The testimony of witnesses who placed Clay Shaw, David Ferrie and Oswald together in Clinton, Louisiana the summer before the assassination has also been deemed not credible by some researchers, including Gerald Posner and Patricia Lambert. [ [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/clinton1.htm Impeaching Clinton by Dave Reitzes] ] However, when the House Select Committee on Assassinations released its Final Report in 1979, it stated that after interviewing the Clinton witnesses it "found that the Clinton witnesses were credible and significant" and that "it was the judgment of the committee that they were telling the truth as they knew it." [ [http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/report/html/HSCA_Report_0086b.htm HSCA Final Assassinations Report] , House Select Committee on Assassinations, p. 142.]

Verdict and Juror Reaction

At the trial's conclusion — after the prosecution and the defense had presented their cases — the jury took less than an hour on March 1, 1969, to find Clay Shaw not guilty.

Attorney and author Mark Lane claims to have interviewed several jurors after the trial. Although these interviews have never been published, Lane has claimed that some of the jurors believed that Garrison had in fact proved a conspiracy to kill Kennedy, but he had not adequately linked it to Shaw or provided a motive. [ Mark Lane, Plausible Denial (New York: Thunder's Mouth, 1991), p. 221.] [Davy, William, "Let Justice Be Done, New Light on the Jim Garrison Investigation," Jordan Publishing, 1999. P.173. ISBN 0-9669716-0-4.] However, James Kirkwood also spoke to several jury members who denied ever speaking to Lane [ James Kirkwood, American Grotesque (New York: Harper, 1992), p. 510 ] and also contradicted his claim that the jury believed there was a conspiracy. [ Ibid. 557; [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/jimlie5.htm summary of Kirkwoods research and juror responses] .]

Aftermath

Garrison later wrote a book about his investigation of the JFK assassination and the subsequent trial called, "On the Trail of Assassins". This book served as one of the main sources for Oliver Stone's movie "JFK". In the movie, this trial serves as the backstory for Stone's account of the assassination of John F. Kennedy.

In 1979, the House Select Committee on Assassinations stated that available records "...lent substantial credence to the possibility that Oswald and [David] Ferrie had been involved inthe same [Civil Air Patrol] C.A.P. unit during the same period of time." [ [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/pdf/HSCA_Vol9_4_Oswald.pdf Oswald, David Ferrie and the Civil Air Patrol] , House Select Committee on Assassinations, Volume 9, 4, p. 110.] Committee investigators found six witnesses who said that Oswald had been present at Civil Air Patrol meetings headed by David Ferrie. [ [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol9/pdf/HSCA_Vol9_4_Oswald.pdf Oswald, David Ferrie and the Civil Air Patrol] , House Select Committee on Assassinations, Volume 9, 4, pp. 110-115.]

In 1993, the PBS television program "Frontline" obtained a group photograph, taken eight years before the assassination, that showed Oswald and Ferrie at a cookout with other Civil Air Patrol cadets. However, as "Frontline" executive producer Michael Sullivan said, "one should be cautious in ascribing its meaning. The photograph does give much support to the eyewitnesses who say they saw Ferrie and Oswald together in the C.A.P., and it makes Ferrie's denials that he ever knew Oswald less credible. But it does not prove that the two men were with each other in 1963, nor that they were involved in a conspiracy to kill the president." [ [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/glimpse/ferrie.html PBS "Frontline" "Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald"] , broadcast on PBS stations, November 1993 (various dates).]

In "On the Trail of Assassins", Garrison states that Shaw had an "extensive international role as an employee of the CIA". [Garrison, "On the Trail of the Assassins", p. 87.] Shaw denied that he had had any connection with the CIA. cite web |date=2007 |url = http://www.jfk-online.com/penthouse.html|title = The Penthouse Interview with Clay Shaw|format = HTML |publisher = penthouse| accessdate = 2007-12-18 | last=James Phelan |quote=In this connection, the Rome newspaper Paesa Sara published a long story alleging that you were connected with an "international commercial organization" named Centro Maondiale Commerciale, which Paesa Sara termed "a CIA front." What is your explanation? ... Other than what I've told you, I know nothing more about the Centro Mondiale Commerciale. I have never had any connection with the CIA.]

In 1979, Richard Helms, former director of the CIA, testified under oath that Clay Shaw had been a part-time contact of the Domestic Contact Service of the CIA, where Shaw volunteered information from his travels abroad, mostly to Latin America. [ [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/docs/v45i5a02p.htm Holland, Max. The Lie that Linked CIA to the Kennedy Assassination] ] By the mid-1970s, 150,000 Americans (businessmen, and journalists, etc.) had provided such information to the DCS. [Final Report of the Subcommittee on the Assassination of John F. Kennedy of the Select Committee on Assassinations, House of Representatives, p. 218 ]

Further reading

* Joe Biles, "In History's Shadow: Lee Harvey Oswald, Kerry Thornley & the Garrison Investigation". ISBN 0-595-22455-5
* Milton Brener, "The Garrison Case: A Study in the Abuse of Power".
* James DeEugenio "Destiny Betrayed: JFK, Cuba, and the Garrison Case" (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1992) ISBN 1-879823-00-4
* William Davy, "Let Justice Be Done: New Light on the Jim Garrison Investigation" (Jordan Pub, 1999) ISBN 0-9669716-0-4
* Jim Garrison, "A Heritage of Stone" (Putnam Publishing Group, 1970) ISBN 0-399-10398-8
* Jim Garrison, "On the Trail of the Assassins" (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1988) ISBN 0-446-36277-8
* James Kirkwood, "American Grotesque: An Account of the Clay Shaw-Jim Garrison-Kennedy Assassination Trial in New Orleans". ISBN 0-06-097523-7
* Patricia Lambert, "False Witness: The Real Story of Jim Garrison's Investigation and Oliver Stone's Film" JFK. ISBN 0-87131-920-9
* Jim Marrs, "Crossfire: The Plot that Killed Kennedy" (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1989) ISBN 0-88184-648-1
* Joan Mellen, "A Farewell to Justice: Jim Garrison, JFK's Assassination, and the Case That Should Have Changed History" (Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, Inc., 2005) ISBN 1-57488-973-7
* Anthony Summers, "Not in Your Lifetime" (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998) ISBN 1-56924-739-0
* Harold Weisberg, "Oswald in New Orleans: Case for Conspiracy with the C.I.A." (New York: Canyon Books, 1967)

References

External links

* [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/garr/trial/contents.htm "Louisiana v. Clay Shaw" (1969) trial transcript]
* [http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/garr/grandjury/contents.htm Orleans Parish Grand Jury transcripts]
* [http://www.jfk-online.com/hangon.html Esquire December 1968 interview]
* [http://www.prouty.org/opening.html Opening Argument Made by Jim Garrison] - Text of Jim Garrison's Opening Argument at Trial of Clay Shaw
* [http://www.prouty.org/closing.html Garrison's Closing Argument] - Text of Jim Garrison's Closing Argument at Trial of Clay Shaw
* [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/garrison.htm Jim Garrison and New Orleans]
* [http://www.jfklancer.com/Garrison2.html Jim Garrison's "Playboy" interview, October 1967]
* [http://www.jfk-online.com/penthouse.html Penthouse interview with Clay Shaw]
* [http://www.jfkassassination.net/jimlie.htm Small Lies, Big Lies, and Outright Whoppers]
* [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/session1.htm Transcript of Perry Russo's Hypnotic Interrogation of March 1, 1969.]
* [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/session2.htm Transcript of Perry Russo's Hypnotic Interrogation of March 12, 1969.]
* [http://www.ctka.net/nbc_cia.html "Shoot Him Down": NBC, the CIA and Jim Garrison] by William Davy
* [http://www.webcom.com/~lpease/collections/assassinations/jfk/ang-spy.htm CIA Counterintelligence Director James Angleton Spying on a Garrison Witness] , Real History Archives
* [http://www.kpfa.org/archives/index.php?arch=20740 Joan Mellen speaks about her book, "A Farewell to Justice: Jim Garrison, JFK's Assassination and the Case That Should Have Changed History" at the Ethical Culture Society in New York City, January 24, 2006.]
* [http://www.prouty.org/garrison.html Jim Garrison at Prouty.org]
* [http://www.webcom.com/~lpease/collections/assassinations/jfk/garrison.htm Garrison's Case for Conspiracy] , Real History Archives
* [http://www.posner.com/articles/garrison.htm Garrison Guilty: Another Case Closed, The New York Times Magazine, August 6, 1995]
* [http://www.acorn.net/jfkplace/09/fp.back_issues/25th_Issue/shaw.html Garrison's Case Finally Coming Together] by Martin Shackelford
* [http://www.ctka.net/pr599-lambert.html "False Witness": Aptly Titled] by Jim DiEugenio and William Davy