- School of Fontainebleau
The Ecole de Fontainebleau refers to two periods of artistic production in France during the late Renaissance centered around the royal
Château de Fontainebleau .First School of Fontainebleau (from 1531)
*Rosso Fiorentino (Giovanni Battista di Jacopo de' Rossi) (1494–1540) (Italian)
*Francesco Primaticcio (c.1505-1570) (Italian)
*Niccolò dell'Abbate (c.1509-1571) (Italian)Second School of Fontainebleau (from 1594)
*Ambroise Dubois (c.1542-1614) (Flemish born)
*Toussaint Dubreuil (c.1561-1602)
*Martin Fréminet (1567–1619)In 1531, the Florentine artist
Rosso Fiorentino , having lost most of his possessions at theSack of Rome in 1527, was invited by François I to come to France, where he began an extensive decorative program for theChâteau de Fontainebleau . In 1532 he was joined by another Italian artist,Francesco Primaticcio (fromBologna ). Rosso died in France in 1540. On the advice of Primaticcio,Niccolò dell'Abbate (fromModena ) was invited to France in 1552 by François's son Henri II. Although known for their work at Fontainebleau, these artists were also invited to create works of art for other noble families of the period and were much esteemed and well-paid.The works of this "first school of Fontainebleau" are characterized by the extensive use of
stucco (moldings and picture frames) andfresco s, and an elaborate (and often mysterious) system of allegories and mythological iconography. Renaissance decorative motifs such asgrotesque s,strapwork andputti are common, as well as a certain degree of eroticism. The figures are elegant and show the influence of the techniques of the ItalianMannerism ofMichelangelo ,Raphael and especiallyParmigianino . Primaticcio was also directed to make copies of antique Roman statues for the king, thus spreading the influence of classical statuary. Many of the works of Rosso, Primaticcio and dell'Abate have not survived; parts of the Chateau were remodelled at various dates. The paintings of the group were reproduced in prints , mostlyetching s, which were apparently produced initially at Fontainebleau itself, and later in Paris. These disseminated the style through France and beyond, and also record several paintings that have not survived.The
mannerist style of theFontainebleau school influenced French artists (with whom the Italians worked) such as the painterJean Cousin the elder , thesculptors Jean Goujon andGermain Pilon , and, to a lesser degree, the painter and portraitistFrançois Clouet the son ofJean Clouet .From 1584 to 1594, during the
Wars of Religion the château of Fontainebleau was abandoned. Upon his ascension to the throne, Henri IV undertook a renovation of the Fontainebleau buildings using a group of artists: the Flemish bornAmbroise Dubois (from Antwerp) and the ParisiansToussaint Dubreuil andMartin Fréminet . They are sometimes referred to as the "second school of Fontainebleau". Their late mannerist works, many of which have been lost, continue in the use of elongated and undulating forms and crowded compositions. Many of their subjects include mythological scenes and scenes from works of fiction by the ItalianTorquato Tasso and the ancient Greek novelistHeliodorus of Emesa .Their style would continue to have an influence on artists through the first decades of the 17th century, like
Claude Vignon the elder (1593–1670), but other artistic currents (Peter Paul Rubens , Caravaggio, the Dutch and Flemish naturalist schools) would soon eclipse them.ee also
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French art
*French Renaissance
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