List of mammals of Korea

Korean Peninsula and surrounding islands.

Once common throughout Korea, the Red Fox is now extremely rare.

This is a list of mammals found in the wild on the Korean Peninsula. Approximately 100 species of mammals are known to inhabit, or recently to have inhabited, the peninsula and its surrounding waters. This includes a few species, such as the Nutria and Muskrat, that were introduced in the 20th century. It also includes other species listed here, such as the Amur Tiger and Japanese Sea Lion, which have probably been extirpated but are still included in standard lists of Korean mammals.

Most of these species are found only in a small part of Korea. The large southeastern island of Jeju, and the rugged northeastern Paektusan region, are particularly known for their distinctive fauna. Several species, including the Dsinezumi Shrew, are found only on Jeju, while many other species such as the Wild Boar are absent or extirpated from there.

The species included in this list are drawn from Won and Smith (1999). Information on the international status of species has been drawn from the IUCN Red List.

Order Artiodactyla: Even-toed Ungulates

Main article: Artiodactyla

Common name (Korean name)	Species (Authority)	Preferred habitat	Range	Status[1]
Family Bovidae: Bovids
Long-tailed Goral (산양)	Naemorhedus caudatus[2] (Hamilton Smith, 1827)	High mountains.	Northern Taebaek Mountains, including the Demilitarized Zone.[3]	I: Vulnerable[4] K: Endangered.[5] NK: Natural monument.[6] SK: Natural monument.[7]
Family Cervidae: Deer
Siberian Roe Deer (노루)	Capreolus pygargus (Pallas, 1771)	Forest verges.	Throughout; not found on Ulleungdo.	I: Least Concern[8] K: Locally abundant.[9]
Wapiti (붉은사슴)	Cervus canadensis (Erxleben, 1777)	Forest verges.	North Hamgyong and the Paektusan region.	I: Least Concern[10] K: Rare.[5] NK: Natural monument.[11]
Sika Deer (대륙사슴)	Cervus nippon (Temminck, 1838)	Open forests and forest verges.	Throughout mainland.[12]	I: Least Concern.[13] K: Vulnerable.[5] NK: Natural monument.[14]
Water Deer (고라니)	Hydropotes inermis (Swinhoe, 1870)	Low mountains and riparian areas.	Throughout mainland.	I: Near Threatened.[15] SK: Game.[16]
Family Suidae: Pigs
Wild Boar (멧돼지)	Sus scrofa (Linnaeus, 1758)	Mountain forests.	Throughout mainland.	I: Least Concern[17] SK: Game[16]
Family Moschidae: Musk deer
Siberian Musk Deer (사향노루)	Moschus moschiferus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Mountain forests.	North Korea; also found in Gangwon, South Korea.	I: Vulnerable.[18] K: Endangered.[5] NK: Natural monument.[19] SK: Natural monument.[20]

Order Carnivora: Carnivores

Main article: Carnivora

Common name (Korean name)	Species (Authority)	Preferred habitat	Range	Status[1]
Family Canidae: Canids
eurasian Wolf (늑대)	Canis lupus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Forests and open woods.	Paektusan area.	I: Least Concern.[21] K: Endangered.[5][22]
Dhole (승냥이)	Cuon alpinus[23] (Pallas, 1811)	Dense forests and high mountains.	Paektusan area.	I: Endangered[24] K: Vulnerable.[5]
Raccoon Dog (너구리)	Nyctereutes procyonoides (Gray, 1834)	Wooded valleys.	Throughout mainland.	I: Least Concern[25] K: Uncommon.[26]
Fox (여우)	Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758)	Brushy areas and forest verges.	Northern and northeastern Korea.	I: Least Concern[27] K: Endangered.[28]
Family Felidae: Felids
Leopard Cat (삵)	Prionailurus bengalensis[29] (Kerr, 1792)	Dense forests.	Central and northern Korea.	I: Least Concern.[30] K: Vulnerable.[31]
Eurasian Lynx (스라소니)	Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758)	Montane forests.	North Hamgyong and Chagang, North Korea.	I: Near Threatened.[32] K: Endangered.[5]
Amur Leopard (표범)	Panthera pardus orientalis (Schlegel, 1857)	High dense forests.	Northern Korea.	I: Critically Endangered.[33] K: Endangered.[5]
Amur Tiger (호랑이)	Panthera tigris altaica (Temminck, 1844)	Rocky forests.	Hamgyong provinces, northeastern North Korea.	I: Critically Endangered.[34] NK: Critically Endangered, Natural Monument
Family Mustelidae: Mustelids
European Otter (수달)	Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758)	Riparian areas.	Throughout mainland, scattered.	I: Near Threatened. K: Endangered.[35] NK: Natural monument.[36] SK: Natural monument.[37]
Yellow-throated Marten (담비)	Martes flavigula (Boddaert, 1785)	High forests.	Northern Korea.	I: Least Concern. K: Vulnerable.[5]
Japanese Marten (산달)	Martes melampus (Wagner, 1841)	High forests.	Central and northern Korea.[31]	I: Least Concern. K: Rare.[5] NK: Natural monument.[38]
Sable (검은담비)	Martes zibellina (Linnaeus, 1758)	High, dense boreal forests.	North Hamgyong, northeastern North Korea.	I: Least Concern. K: Endangered.[5] NK: Natural Monument.[39]
Asian Badger (오소리)	Meles leucurus (Hodgson, 1847)	Forests and mountain valleys. Fossorial.	Throughout mainland.	I: Least Concern.
Least Weasel (무산쇠족제비)	Mustela nivalis (Linnaeus, 1758)	Subalpine areas.	Far northeastern and northwestern North Korea.[40]	I: Least Concern. K: Rare to locally abundant.[40]
Siberian Weasel (족제비)	Mustela sibirica[41] (Pallas, 1773)	Forests and riparian areas.	Throughout, including Jeju.[40]	I: Least Concern. K: Locally abundant.[40]
Family Ursidae: Bears
Asiatic Black Bear (반달가슴곰)	Ursus thibetanus[42] (G. Cuvier, 1823)	Thick forests.	Jirisan and Seoraksan in South Korea; Kumgangsan and Paektusan in North Korea.	I: Vulnerable.[43] K: Endangered.[5] SK: Natural monument.[44]
Brown Bear (불곰)	Ursus arctos (Linnaeus, 1758)	Thick forests.	Central and northern Korea.	I: Least concern.[45] K: Endangered.[46] NK: Natural monument.[47]
Superfamily Pinnipedia: Pinnipeds
Common name (Korean name)	Species (Authority)	Preferred habitat	Range	Status[1][48]
Family Otariidae: Eared Seals
Northern Fur Seal (물개)/ (바다말)	Callorhinus ursinus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Coasts and seas.	Most common in the Sea of Japan.	I: Vulnerable.[49][50]
Steller's Sea Lion (큰바다사자)	Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776)	Coasts and seas.	Northern Yellow Sea and Sea of Japan	I: Endangered.[51] K: Vulnerable.[5]
California Sea Lion (바다사자)	Zalophus japonicus[52] (Peters, 1866)	Rocky coasts.	Last seen on Liancourt Rocks in 1951.
Family Phocidae: Earless Seals
Common Seal (잔점박이물범)	Phoca vitulina (Linnaeus, 1758)	Coasts and seas.	Northern Sea of Japan.	I: Least Concern.
Spotted Seal (점박이물범)	Phoca largha (Pallas, 1811)	Coasts and seas.	Throughout Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan, and Korea Strait; large colony on Baengnyeongdo.	I: Least Concern. K: Vulnerable.[5] SK: Natural Monument.[53]

Order Cetacea: Whales

Main article: Cetacea

Common name (Korean name)	Species (Authority)	Preferred habitat	Range	Status[1]
Suborder Mysticeti: Baleen whales
Family Balaenopteridae: Rorquals
Minke Whale (밍크고래)	Balaenoptera acutorostrata (Lacépède, 1804)	Widespread.	Yellow Sea, East China Sea, Sea of Japan.	I: Near Threatened.[54]
Blue Whale (대왕고래)	Balaenoptera musculus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Deep ocean waters.		I: Conservation Dependent.[55]
Fin Whale (긴수염고래)	Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Coastal waters.	Sea of Japan and Yellow Sea.	I: Endangered.[56]
Family Eschrichtiidae: Gray Whales
Gray Whale (귀신고래)	Eschrichtius robustus (Lilljeborg, 1861)	Migratory through coastal waters.	Sea of Japan, Korea Strait.	I: Conservation Dependent.[57] SK: Natural Monument.[58]
Suborder Odontoceti: Toothed Whales
Family Delphinidae: Oceanic dolphins
Short-Beaked Common Dolphin (짧은부리참돌고래)	Delphinus delphis (Linnaeus, 1758)	Warmer coastal waters.	Throughout.	I: Least Concern. K: Unknown.[59]
Pacific White-Sided Dolphin (낫돌고래)	Lagenorhynchus obliquidens (Gill, 1865)	Warmer coastal waters.	Sea of Japan[60]	I: Least Concern.
Orca (범고래)	Orcinus orca (Linnaeus, 1758)	Coastal waters.	Throughout.	I: Conservation Dependent.[61] K: Unknown, possibly common.[62]
Family Phocoenidae: Porpoises
Dall's Porpoise (까치돌고래)	Phocoenoides dalli (True, 1885)	Colder ocean waters.	North of the 35th parallel in the Sea of Japan.	I: Vulnerable.[63]
Harbor Porpoise (쇠돌고래)	Phocoena phocoena (Linnaeus, 1758)	Colder ocean waters.	Sea of Japan.	I: Conservation Dependent.[64]
Finless Porpoise (상괭이)	Neophocaena phocaenoides (Cuvier, 1829)	Coastal waters.	Yellow Sea, Korea Strait, southern Sea of Japan.	I: Data Deficient.[65] K: Caught frequently.[66]
Family Physeteridae: Sperm whales
Sperm Whale (향고래)	Physeter macrocephalus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Deep oceans.	East China Sea	I: Vulnerable.[67]
Family Ziphiidae: Beaked whales
Baird's Beaked Whale (큰부리고래)	Berardius bairdii (Stejneger, 1883)	Open seas.	Sea of Japan.	I: Conservation Dependent.[68]

Order Erinaceomorpha: Hedgehogs

Main article: Erinaceomorpha

Common name (Korean name)	Species (Authority)	Preferred habitat	Range	Status[1]
Family Erinaceidae: Hedgehogs
Amur Hedgehog (고슴도치)	Erinaceus amurensis (Schrenk, 1859)	Deciduous and mixed forests.[69]	Throughout mainland.	I: Least Concern. K: Rare.[5]

Order Soricomorpha: Shrews and moles

Main article: Soricomorpha

Common name (Korean name)	Species (Authority)	Preferred habitat	Range	Status[1]
Family Talpidae: Moles
Japanese Mole (두더지)	Mogera wogura[70] (Temminck, 1833)	High moist forest.	Throughout mainland; not found on Jeju or Ulleungdo	I: Least Concern. SK: Vermin.[5]
Family Soricidae: Shrews
Dsinezumi Shrew (제주땃쥐)	Crocidura dsinezumi (Temminck, 1842)	Damp forests and grasslands.	Found only on Jeju.[71]	I: Least Concern. K: Uncertain.[71]
Ussuri Shrew (땃쥐)	Crocidura lasiura (Dobson, 1890)	Widespread.	Throughout mainland.	I: Least Concern. K: Common.[72]
Lesser Shrew (작은땃쥐)	Crocidura suaveolens (Pallas, 1811)	Moist deciduous forests.	Throughout, including Ulleungdo.[72]	I: Least Concern. K: Common.[72]
Eurasian Water Shrew (갯첨서)	Neomys fodiens (Pennant, 1771)	Riparian areas and mountain lakes.[72]	Northern North Korea.[73]	I: Least Concern. K: Rare.[5]
Laxmann's Shrew (뒤쥐)	Sorex caecutiens (Laxmann, 1788)	Rugged mountains.	Northern and northeastern North Korea.[74]	I: Least Concern. K: Abundant.[72]
Large-Toothed Siberian Shrew (백두산뒤쥐)	Sorex daphaenodon (Thomas, 1907)	Boreal forests and alpine meadows.	Paektusan region.[75]	I: Least Concern.
Slender Shrew (쇠뒤쥐)	Sorex gracillimus (Thomas, 1907)	Coniferous forests and alpine regions.	Northeastern North Korea.[76]	I: Least Concern. K: Common.[77]
Even-Toothed Shrew (큰발뒤쥐)	Sorex isodon (Turov, 1924)	Mountain forests.	Baekdudaegan mountains.[78]	I: Least Concern.
Eurasian Least Shrew (꼬마뒤쥐)	Sorex minutissimus (Zimmermann, 1780)	Rugged mountains bove 1500 meters.[79]	Central and northern Korea.[80]	I: Least Concern. K: Rare.[5]
Ussuri Shrew (큰첨서)	Sorex mirabilis (Ognev, 1937)	Moist ground above 1500 meters.[79]	Central and northern Korea.	I: Least Concern. K: Rare.[5]
Long-Clawed Shrew (긴발톱첨서)	Sorex unguiculatus (Dobson, 1890)	High moist areas.	Northeastern North Korea.[81]	I: Least Concern. K: Locally abundant.[82]

Order Chiroptera:Bats

Main article: Bat

Common name (Korean name)	Species (Authority)	Preferred habitat	Range	Status[1]
Family Rhinolophidae: Horseshoe bats
Greater Horseshoe Bat (관박쥐)	Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Schreber, 1774)	Roosts in caves and abandoned mines.	Scattered throughout, including Jeju.	I: Near Threatened. K: Abundant.[83]
Family Vespertilionidae: Vesper bats
Kobayashi's Bat (고바야시박쥐)	Eptesicus koyabashii (Mori, 1928)		West central Korea.[84]	I: Data Deficient.[85] K: Possibly very rare.[83]
Northern Bat (생박쥐)	Eptesicus nilssonii (Keyserling et Blasius, 1839)		Found in Gyeonggi, northwestern South Korea, and North Hamgyong, northeastern North Korea.	I: Least Concern. K: Locally abundant.[83]
Serotine Bat (문둥이박쥐)	Eptesicus serotinus (Schreber, 1774)	Roosts in roofs and walls.	Most common in northwestern Korea.	I: Least Concern. K: Locally abundant.[86]
Savi's Pipistrelle (큰집박쥐)	Hypsugo savii[87] (Bonaparte, 1837)	Roosts in caves.[88]	Throughout.	I: Least Concern. K: Uncommon.[26]
Schreiber's Bat (긴날개박쥐)	Miniopterus schreibersi (Kuhl, 1817)	Grasslands and forests in summer; caves in winter.	Scattered throughout.	I: Least Concern. K: Rare.[89]
Little Tube-Nosed Bat (작은관코박쥐)	Murina aurata (Milne-Edwards, 1872)		Unknown.	I: Near Threatened.[90] K: Last recorded in 1959.[89]
Greater Tube-Nosed Bat (관코박쥐)	Murina leucogaster (Milne-Edwards, 1872)		Unknown.[91]	I: Least Concern. K: Rare.[89]
Far Eastern Myotis (흰배윗수염박쥐)	Myotis bombinus[92] (Thomas, 1906)	Hibernates in caves.	Throughout, including Jeju.	I: Near Threatened.[93] K: Uncommon.[86]
Daubenton's Bat (물윗수염박쥐)	Myotis daubentonii (Kuhl, 1817)	Near water.	Throughout, including Jeju.	I: Least Concern. K: Uncommon.[86]
Hodgson's Bat (오렌지윗수염박쥐)	Myotis formosus (Hodgson, 1835)		Scattered throughout; not found on Jeju.[94]	I: Least Concern. K: Vulnerable.[86]
Fraternal Myotis (긴꼬리윗수염박쥐)	Myotis frater (G.M. Allen, 1923)	Forests.	Northern Korea.[95]	I: Near Threatened.[96] K: Very rare.[97]
Ikonnikov's Bat (작은윗수염박쥐)	Myotis ikonnikovi (Ognev, 1912)		Scattered throughout, including Jeju.	I: Least Concern. K: Very rare.[97]
Big-Footed Myotis (큰발윗수염박쥐)	Myotis macrodactylus (Temminck, 1840)		Local throughout, including Jeju.	I: Least Concern. K: Abundant.[97]
Whiskered Bat (윗수염박쥐)	Myotis mystacinus (Kuhl, 1817)	Forests.	Scattered throughout, including Jeju and Ulleungdo.[98]	I: Least Concern.
Birdlike Noctule (멧박쥐)	Nyctalus aviator (Thomas, 1911)		Scattered throughout.	I: Near Threatened.[99] K: Rare.[97]
Java Pipistrelle (큰집박쥐)	Pipistrellus javanicus[100] (Gray, 1838)		Scattered throughout.	I: Least Concern. K: Common.[26]
Brown Long-Eared Bat (토끼박쥐)	Plecotus auritus (Linnaeus, 1758)	High mountains.	The Taebaek Mountains and the Paektusan area in northern North Korea.	I: Least Concern. K: Vulnerable.[26]
Parti-colored Bat (북방애기박쥐)	Vespertilio murinus (Linnaeus, 1758)	High forests and grasslands in the summer.	North Hamgyong, North Korea.	I: Least Concern. K: Very rare.[26]
Asian Parti-colored Bat (안주애기박쥐)	Vespertilio superans (Thomas, 1899)		West central Korea.[101]	I: Least Concern. K: Very rare.[89]

Order Lagomorpha: Lagomorphs

Main article: Lagomorpha

Common name (Korean name)	Species (Authority)	Preferred habitat	Range	Status[1]
Family Leporidae: Leporids
Korean Hare (멧토끼)	Lepus coreanus (Thomas, 1892)	Widespread at low altitudes.[102]	Throughout mainland.[103]	I: Least Concern. K: Common.[103] SK: Game.[16]
Manchurian Hare (북방토끼)	Lepus mandschuricus (Radde, 1861)	High rocky forests.	Northern Korea.	I: Least Concern. K: Common.[103]
Family Ochotonidae: Pikas
Northern Pika (우는토끼)	Ochotona hyperborea (Pallas, 1811)	Alpine meadows, 1000-2500 m.	Northern Korea.	I: Least Concern. K: Common.[103]

Order Rodentia: Rodents

Main article: Rodent

Common name (Korean name)	Species (Authority)	Preferred habitat	Range	Status[1]
Family Muridae: Murids
Striped Field Mouse (등줄쥐)	Apodemus agrarius (Pallas, 1771)	Widespread.	Throughout, including Jeju.[104]	I: Least Concern.[105] K: Abundant.[104]
Jeju Striped Field Mouse (제주등줄쥐)	Apodemus chejuensis[106] (Jones et Johnson, 1965)	Widespread.	Found only on Jeju.	I: No assessment. J: Very abundant.[104]
Korean Field Mouse (흰넓적다리붉은쥐)	Apodemus peninsulae (Thomas, 1907)	Forest verges and brushland.	Throughout mainland.	I: Least Concern. K: Common.[104]
Harvest Mouse (멧밭쥐)	Micromys minutus (Pallas, 1771)	Low grasslands and fields.	Throughout; not found on Ulleungdo.	I: Near Threatened.[107] K: Abundant.[104]
House Mouse (생쥐)	Mus musculus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Human dwellings.	Throughout.	I: Least Concern. K: Abundant.[104]
Norway Rat (집쥐)	Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769)	Urban and cultivated areas.	Throughout.	I: Least Concern. K: Very abundant.[108]
Black Rat (애급쥐)	Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Urban areas.	Central and southern Korea.	I: Least Concern. K: Invasive.[109]
Family Cricetidae: Cricetids
Northern Red-Backed Vole (숲들쥐)	Myodes rutilus (Pallas, 1779)	High, dense mixed forest.	Far northeastern Korea.	I: Least Concern.[110] K: Abundant.[111]
Grey Red-Backed Vole (대륙밭쥐)	Myodes rufocanus[112] (Sundevall, 1846)	Boreal forest.	Northern Korea.	I: Least Concern.[113] K: Abundant.[111]
Chinese Striped Hamster (비단털등줄쥐)	Cricetulus barabensis (Pallas, 1773)	Fields.	Sinuiju and Cholsan, North Korea.	I: Least Concern.[114] K: Uncommon.[115]
Royal Vole (비단털들쥐)	Eothenomys regulus (Thomas, 1907)	Widespread; avoids deep forests.	Southern, central and northwestern Korea.	I: Least Concern.[116] K: Common.[111]
Mandarin Vole (쇠갈밭쥐)	Lasiopodomys mandarinus[117] (Milne-Edwards, 1871)	Grassy wetlands.	Southwestern Korea.	I: Least Concern. K: Rare.[5]
Reed Vole (갈밭쥐)	Microtus fortis (Buchner, 1889)	High fields and forest verges.	Western and northern Korea.	I: Least Concern. K: Locally abundant.[115]
Muskrat (사향쥐)	Ondatra zibethicus (Linnaeus, 1766)	Marshes and lakes.	Tumen River basin, North Korea.[118]	I: Least Concern. K: Invasive.[118]
Greater Long-Tailed Hamster (비단털쥐)	Tscherskia triton (de Winton, 1899)	Widespread.	Throughout, including Jeju.[115]	I: Least Concern.[119] K: Common.[115]
Family Myocastoridae: the Coypu
Coypu or Nutria (뉴트리아)	Myocastor coypus (Molina, 1782)	Wetlands.	South Korea's Yeongnam region. (Introduced for farming in 1990s)	I: Least Concern. K: Invasive.[120]
Family Sciuridae: Squirrels
Siberian Flying Squirrel (하늘다람쥐)	Pteromys volans (Linnaeus, 1758)	Boreal forest.	Far northeast and Taebaek Mountains.	I: Near Threatened.[121] K: Endangered.[5]
Red Squirrel (청설모)	Sciurus vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758)	Forests.	Throughout mainland.[122]	I: Least Concern. SK: Vermin.[5]
Siberian Chipmunk (다람쥐)	Tamias sibiricus (Laxmann, 1769)	Forests.	Inland throughout.	I: Least Concern. SK: Vermin.[5]
Family Dipodidae: Jumping mice
Long-Tailed Birch Mouse (긴꼬리꼬마쥐)	Sicista caudata (Thomas, 1907)	Riparian zones and wetlands.	Northeastern Korea.[123]	I: Endangered.[124] K: Rare.[5]

See also

• List of mammals in North Korea
• List of mammals in South Korea

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} The following abbreviations are used:
   • I: International. These are sourced from the IUCN Red List.
   • K: Korea.
   • NK: North Korea.
   • SK: South Korea.
   • J: Jeju.
2. ^ Given as Nemorhaedus goral in Won (2004). The Korean population is generally referred to N. c. raddeanus Heude.
3. ^ Won (2004), p. 273; Won & Smith (1999), p. 21. It was once widespread across the Taebaek and Rangrim ranges, but the population had fallen to around 40 by 1990.
4. ^ Caprinae Specialist Group (1996). Naemorhedus caudatus ssp. raddeanus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 5 October 2006.
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x} Won & Smith (1999), p. 7.
6. ^ The goral of Tanchon is designated North Korean natural monument 293. [1]
7. ^ Designated South Korean natural monument #217 on November 20, 1968. "산양". Cultural Heritage Administration website. http://nature.cha.go.kr/cont/natural_v.jsp?nat_id=NM-SK217&nation=S&s_cate_id=S0201&img_num=1. Retrieved 2006-12-01. 
8. ^ Deer Specialist Group (1996). Capreolus pygargus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 5 October 2006.
9. ^ Won & Smith (1999), p. 21.
10. ^ Deer Specialist Group (1996). Cervus elaphus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 1 December 2006.
11. ^ The Samjiyon population is designated as natural monument #354."삼지연큰사슴". Cultural Heritage Administration website. http://nature.cha.go.kr/cont/result_v.jsp?nat_id=NM-NK354. Retrieved 2006-12-01. 
12. ^ Won (2004), p. 264
13. ^ Deer Specialist Group (1996). Cervus nippon. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 1 December 2006.
14. ^ The Samjiyon population has been designated Natural Monument 349, and the Paegam population Natural Monument 362. "삼지연사슴". Cultural Heritage Administration website. http://nature.cha.go.kr/cont/natural_v.jsp?nat_id=NM-NK349. Retrieved 2006-12-01. 
15. ^ Deer Specialist Group (1996). Hydropotes inermis. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 5 October 2006.
16. ^ ^{a b c} Won & Smith (1999), p. 7. One of only 3 mammal species legally hunted in South Korea.
17. ^ Pigs & Peccaries Specialist Group (1996). Sus scrofa. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 1 December 2006.
18. ^ Deer Specialist Group (1996). Moschus moschiferus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 5 October 2006.
19. ^ The musk deer of Rogya ri, in Undok, North Hamgyong, has been designated natural monument #331."록야리 사향노루". Cultural Heritage Administration website. http://nature.cha.go.kr/cont/natural_v.jsp?nat_id=NM-NK337&nation=N&s_cate_id=N0202&img_num=7. Retrieved 2006-12-01.  The population in the Mayafgdfgsertewrtwrtwertwertwerng workers' district of Musan is designated #380, while the population in Taehung county is designated #401. [2]
20. ^ Designated natural monument #216 on October 20, 1968. "사향노루". Cultural Heritage Administration website. http://nature.cha.go.kr/cont/natural_v.jsp?nat_id=NM-SK216&nation=S&s_cate_id=S0201&img_num=1. Retrieved 2006-12-01. 
21. ^ Wolf Working Group (2004). Canis lupus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-02.
22. ^ Won (2004), p. 147.
23. ^ Commonly referred to C. a. alpinus. Won & Smith (1999), p. 16
24. ^ Dhole Working Group (2004). Cuon alpinus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-10-21.
25. ^ Sillero-Zubiri, C. & Hoffmann, M. (2004). Nyctereutes procyonoides. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-02.
26. ^ ^{a b c d e} Won & Smith (1999), p. 14.
27. ^ Macdonald, D.W. & Reynolds, J.C. (2004). Vulpes vulpes. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-02.
28. ^ Won (2004, p. 151); Won & Smith (1999), p. 7.
29. ^ Given as Felis bengalensis in older sources and in Won (2004).
30. ^ Cat Specialist Group (2002). Prionailurus bengalensis. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-02.
31. ^ ^{a b} Won & Smith (1999), p. 18.
32. ^ Cat Specialist Group (2002). Lynx lynx. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-11-29.
33. ^ Cat Specialist Group (1996). Panthera pardus ssp. orientalis. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-11-29.
34. ^ Cat Specialist Group (1996). Panthera tigris ssp. altaica. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-11-29.
35. ^ Designated as such in 1982. Won & Smith 1999, pp. 7, 18.
36. ^ The Poptong population is designated Natural Monument #249, and population in Yonsa's Sinyang workers' district is designated #331. "법동수달". 남북한의 천연기념물. http://nature.cha.go.kr/cont/natural_v.jsp?nat_id=NM-NK249. Retrieved 2006-12-06.  [3]
37. ^ Designated as Natural Monument #330."Natural Monuments No. 330". Cultural Heritage Administration website. http://www.cha.go.kr/english/search_plaza/ECulresult_Db_View.jsp?VdkVgwKey=16,03300000,ZZ&queryText=V_EKDCD='16'&requery=0. Retrieved 2006-10-01. 
38. ^ The Paegam population is designated Natural Monument #366. "백암누른돈". 남북한의 천연기념물. http://nature.cha.go.kr/cont/result_v.jsp?nat_id=NM-NK366. Retrieved 2006-12-06. 
39. ^ The Paegam population is designated North Korean Natural Monument #331. "백암검은돈". 남북한의 천연기념물. http://nature.cha.go.kr/cont/result_v.jsp?nat_id=NM-NK331. Retrieved 2006-12-06. 
40. ^ ^{a b c d} Won & Smith (1999), p. 19.
41. ^ The variety of M. sibirica found on Jeju Island is sometimes regarded as a separate subspecies, the "Jeju Weasel" or Mustela sibirica quelpartis Thomas 1906.
42. ^ Given in many sources as Selenarctos thibetanus.
43. ^ Bear Specialist Group (1996). Ursus thibetanus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-06.
44. ^ Designated as South Korean natural monument 329 on November 4, 1982. Cultural Heritage Administration. "Natural Monuments 329". Exploring of Cultural Heritage. http://www.cha.go.kr/english/search_plaza_new/ECulresult_Db_View.jsp?VdkVgwKey=16,03290000,ZZ. Retrieved 2006-12-06. 
45. ^ Bear Specialist Group (1996). Ursus arctos. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-06.
46. ^ Due to heavy hunting. Won & Smith (1999), p. 17.
47. ^ The Ryongrim population was designated natural monument #124 on January 1, 1980. "룡림큰곰". 남북한희 천연기념물. http://nature.cha.go.kr/cont/natural_v.jsp?nat_id=NM-NK124&nation=N&s_cate_id=N0202. Retrieved 2006-12-06.  The Yonsa population has been designated natural monument #330.[4]
48. ^ According to Won (2004, p. 188ff), seals are protected from hunting under South Korean law.
49. ^ Seal Specialist Group (1996). Callorhinus ursinus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-10.
50. ^ Pop. estimated at 1.3 million in Won (2004), p. 191.
51. ^ Seal Specialist Group (1996). Eumetopias jubatus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-10.
52. ^ Sometimes treated as a subspecies of the California Sea Lion, Zalophus californianus japonicus.
53. ^ Designated Natural Monument #331 on November 4, 1982. Won (2004), p. 194.
54. ^ Cetacean Specialist Group (1996). Balaenoptera acutorostrata. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-10.
55. ^ Cetacean Specialist Group (1996). Balaenoptera musculus ssp. musculus (North Pacific stock). 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-10.
56. ^ Cetacean Specialist Group (1996). Balaenoptera physalus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-10.
57. ^ Cetacean Specialist Group (1996). Eschrichtius robustus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-10.
58. ^ Its feeding grounds have been designated South Korean natural monument 126.
59. ^ Won (2004), p. 244.
60. ^ The Sea of Japan population is estimated at 80,000-100,000. Won (2004), p. 245.
61. ^ Cetacean Specialist Group (1996). Orcinus orca. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-10.
62. ^ Won (2004), p. 238.
63. ^ Cetacean Specialist Group (1996). Phocoenoides dalli. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-10.
64. ^ Cetacean Specialist Group (1996). Phocoena phocoena. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-10.
65. ^ Cetacean Specialist Group (1996). Neophocaena phocaenoides. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-10.
66. ^ Nam (2004), p. 254.
67. ^ Cetacean Specialist Group (1996). Physeter macrocephalus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-10.
68. ^ Cetacean Specialist Group (1996). Berardius bairdii. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-10.
69. ^ Won & Smith (1999), p. 6.
70. ^ Sometimes considered two species, Mogera robusta and Mogera wogura.
71. ^ ^{a b} Formerly common on Jeju, but has not been reported there since the 1970s. Won & Smith (1999), p. 8.
72. ^ ^{a b c d e} Won & Smith (1999), p. 9.
73. ^ There are also unverified reports from Seoraksan in South Korea. Won (2004), p. 29.
74. ^ Also reported from Mungyeong, South Korea.
75. ^ The first specimen was found there in 2001. Won (2004), p. 31.
76. ^ There is also an unconfirmed 1983 report from Jirisan in South Korea. Won (2004), p. 32.
77. ^ Won & Smith (1999), p. 10.
78. ^ The first specimen was taken on Odaesan in South Korea in 1999. Won (2004), p. 33; cites Han et al. (2000), "New records of two Sorex species (Soricidae) from South Korea", Mammal Study 25:2, 141-144.
79. ^ ^{a b} Won (2004), p. 34.
80. ^ Has been recorded only from Seoraksan and Odaesan. Won & Smith (1999), p. 10.
81. ^ May also have been collected from Jirisan, but this has not been confirmed. Won (2004), p. 35.
82. ^ Won & Smith (1999), p. 10-11.
83. ^ ^{a b c} Won & Smith (1999), p. 11.
84. ^ Kobayashi's Bat has been reported from Pyongyang, Kaesong, and Seoul, according to Won (2004), p. 85.
85. ^ Chiroptera Specialist Group (1996). Eptesicus kobayashii. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-10.
86. ^ ^{a b c d} Won & Smith (1999), p. 12.
87. ^ Often given as Pipistrellus savii, or considered to be a separate species Pipistrellus coreensis. Won (2004), p. 72; Won & Smith (1999), p. 14.
88. ^ Won (2004), p. 72.
89. ^ ^{a b c d} Won & Smith (1999), p. 15.
90. ^ Chiroptera Specialist Group (1996). Murina aurata. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-10.
91. ^ Won & Smith (1999), p. 15. Won & Smith suggest that its range probably includes east-central and northeastern Korea.
92. ^ Formerly considered a subspecies of Myotis nattereri. Won & Smith (1999), p. 12.
93. ^ Chiroptera Specialist Group (1996). Myotis bombinus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-10.
94. ^ Won (2004), p. 61.
95. ^ Also reported from Masan, South Korea, according to Won (2004), p. 57.
96. ^ Chiroptera Specialist Group (1996). Myotis frater. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-10.
97. ^ ^{a b c d} Won & Smith (1999), p. 13.
98. ^ Won (2004), p. 54.
99. ^ Chiroptera Specialist Group (1996). Nyctalus aviator. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-10.
100. ^ Sometimes considered to belong to Pipistrellus abramus.
101. ^ There are records from the provinces of Gyeonggi, South Korea, and South Pyongan, North Korea. However, the only recent record is from Anju in North Korea.
102. ^ Seldom seen at elevations above 500 meters, according to Ministry of Environment (2005). "멧토끼" (PDF). 한국고유생물종도감 [Hanguk goyu saengmuljong dogam] [English title: Endemic species of Korea]. p. 6. http://nre.me.go.kr/meweb/data/download/Guide01.pdf. 
103. ^ ^{a b c d} Won & Smith (1999), p. 28.
104. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Won & Smith (1999), p. 27.
105. ^ Amori, G. (1996). Apodemus agrarius. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-07.
106. ^ Formerly considered a subspecies of Apodemus agrarius, but shown to be a separate species by mitochondrial studies in the 1990s. Won & Smith (1999), p. 27.
107. ^ Amori, G. (1996). Micromys minutus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-10.
108. ^ Possibly the most abundant mammal on the Korean Peninsula, according to Won & Smith (1999), p. 28.
109. ^ Introduced accidentally, according to Won & Smith (1999), p. 28.
110. ^ Amori, G. (1996). Clethrionomys rutilus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-07.
111. ^ ^{a b c} Won & Smith (1999), p. 25.
112. ^ Sometimes given as Clethrionomys rufocanus
113. ^ Amori, G. (1996). Clethrionomys rufocanus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-07.
114. ^ Baillie, J. (1996). Clethrionomys rutilus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-07.
115. ^ ^{a b c d} Won & Smith (1999), p. 26.
116. ^ Baillie, J. (1996). Eothenomys regulus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-07.
117. ^ Sometimes called Microtus mandarinus.
118. ^ ^{a b} The Muskrat was first recorded in the Tumen River basin in 1965; according to Won & Smith (1999), it had been introduced several decades earlier into the Russian Far East, and may have been present in Korea for some time before the first report.
119. ^ Baillie, J. (1996). Tscherskia triton. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-10.
120. ^ Won (2004), p. 141.
121. ^ Amori, G. (1996). Pteromys volans. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-13.
122. ^ Won (2004), p. 107.
123. ^ Specimens have been collected from Pujŏn in South Hamgyong and Samjiyŏn in Ryanggang. Won (2004), p. 116. In addition, Smith & Won (1999) report it from Yanggang in Gangwon, South Korea.
124. ^ Tchabovsky, A. (1996). Sicista caudata. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 2006-10-05.

References and further reading

• Han Sang-hun (한상훈) (1998). "사라져가는 한국의 야생 포유동물 [Sarajyeoganeun han-guk-ui yasaeng poyudongmul / Korea's vanishing wild mammals"]. http://my.dreamwiz.com/environment/html/ham2/2-13.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-29. 
• Won, Pyong-Hooi (원병희) (1967). 한국동식물도감, 7권: 포유류 [Han-guk dongsingmul dogam 7gwon: poyuryu / Guide to Korea's plants and animals, vol. 7: Mammalia]. Seoul: Ministry of Culture and Education. http://www.wildlife.re.kr/mammal/mammal-1967.htm. 
• Won, Byeong-o (원병오) (2004). 한국의 포유동물 [Hangugui poyudongmul] [English title: The Mammals of Korea]. Seoul: Dongbang Media. ISBN 89-8457-310-8. 
• Won, Changman; Kimberly G. Smith (1999). "History and current status of mammals of the Korean Peninsula". Mammal Review (Mammal Society) 29 (1): 3–36. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.1999.00034.x.