Yakovlev Yak-38

infobox Aircraft
name = Yak-38

---

caption = A Yak-38 on the deck of a Soviet aircraft carrier
type = VTOL fighter
national origin = Soviet Union
manufacturer = Yakovlev
first flight = 1971
introduced = 1976
retired =
status = Retired
primary user = Soviet Navy
more users =
produced =
number built = 231
unit cost = US$18.5 million in 1996 [ [http://www.aeronautics.ru/nws002/military_aircraft_prices.htm Military aircraft prices] ]
developed from = Yakovlev Yak-36
variants with their own articles =

The Yakovlev Yak-38 (NATO reporting name: Forger) was Soviet Naval Aviation's first and only operational VTOL multi-role combat aircraft.

Design and development

The first drawings showed a supersonic aircraft strongly influenced by Hawker P.1154 in study in the United Kingdom but with two R27-300 engines. Supersonic performances would have implied many difficulties of development, and it was decided to initially develop a relatively simple aircraft limited to Mach 0.95. Although the Yak-38 and Yak-38M were developed from the land-based Yakovlev Yak-36, the aircraft had almost nothing in common.

The Prototype VM-01 was finished on April 14, 1970. Though outwardly similar to the British Harrier Jump Jet, it followed a completely different configuration. Apart from having a vectorable engine in the rear used for flight, two smaller, less powerful engines were housed in the front portion of the aircraft and used purely for take-off and landing. (The Harrier uses only one engine, vectoring its thrust through four nozzles.) It was sent the next day to the LII of zhukovskii for tests in May and June 1970. Mikhail Deksbakh carried out the first flight of the VM-02 in conventional mode on January 15, 1971. The VM-03 made its first flight in short takeoff mode on May 25, 1971. Sea trials aboard the aircraft carrier ("aviation cruiser") "Kiev" were observed in 1975. 231 Yak-38 aircraft were produced, including 38 two-seat trainers (Yak-38U). These were based on the four "Kiev" class aircraft carriers.

One interesting feature of the Yak-38 was hands-free landing. The aircraft could negotiate a telemetry/telecommand link with a computer system in the aircraft carrier which would allow it to be guided onto the deck with no interaction from the pilot.

Markings

The original Yak-38. The initial colour scheme worn by the AV-MF Yak-38 consisted of dark green anti-corrosion paint on the undersides of the aircraft, with dark blue upper surfaces. This was later replaced by a light grey over dark grey scheme, frequently associated with the Yak-38M. An unusual green-over-silver "tiger" camouflage scheme, reportedly seen on an aircraft onboard "Leningrad" in 1986, was probably applied for one cruise only. Special camouflage schemes may also have been applied to aircraft involved in the Romb-1 trials in Afghanistan in 1980.

Operational history

The majority of Yak-36M initial production deliveries were to the 279 OKShAP (Otdelnyi Korabelnyi Shturmovoi Aviatsionnyi Polk, Independent Shipboard Attack Air Regiment) initially based at Saki, the AV-MF’s training centre in the Crimea. Pilots for this unit were drawn from the Yakovlev OKB and the LII at Zhukovskii, as well as from the AV-MF. Established as early as December 1973, the 279 OKShAP of the Black Sea Fleet made use of a dummy "Kiev" class aircraft carrier deck, and also operated a pair of MiG-21UMs (and, briefly, Ka-25s) for training. The first AV-MF squadron embarked on Kiev in July 1976, On the conclusion of acceptance tests for the Yak-36M initial series in August 1976 (Kiev was underway in the Atlantic at this point), the aircraft was formally accepted by the AV-MF in October, under the new designation Yak-38.

On its arrival in Murmansk, the 279 OKShAP was transferred to the Northern Fleet, with subsequent flying operations mainly being conducted from Severomorsk-3. The 299 IIAP (Issledovatlesko-Instruktorskiy Aviatsionnyi Polk, Research and Instructor Air Regiment) had been formed as a training unit at Saki in September 1976 to replace the previous unit within the Black Sea Fleet.

The February 1978 entry into service of "Minsk", the second "Kiev" class ship, was accompanied by a further series of Yak-38 shipboard trials, beginning in April 1978, and with the emphasis now placed on developing procedure for STOL operations. The passage of Minsk out of the Black Sea in February 1979 was duly followed by a major exercise involving the first two ships of the Project 1143 class in the Mediterranean. On this occasion, five aircraft from each vessel conducted formation exercises in proximity to NATO observers.

The Yak-38’s limited useful payload was always its Achilles’ heel, but the high ambient temperatures that had been encountered in the Black Sea during the summer 1976 trials frequently prevented the aircraft from carrying any external stores at all, despite a reduced fuel load. Similar problems were then encountered when "Minsk" sailed off the coast of West Africa and then in the Indian Ocean; in these instances the lift jets proved unwilling to start under hot and humid conditions. (An oxygen-boosting intake systemClarifyme|date=April 2008 helped alleviate the problem, and was installed from September 1979 during routine overhauls). In July 1979 "Minsk" arrived in the Sea of Japan, where the vessel was home-ported at Strelok Bay, the Yak-38 component of its air wing thereafter being provided by the 311 OKShAP subordinate to the Pacific Fleet. The 311 OKShAP was the second AV-MF Yak-38 unit, and had been established in March 1976.

During its first few years of ship-borne operations the Yak-38 was not cleared to make rolling take-offs and run-on landings, leading some Western observersWho|date=April 2008 to believe that the fundamentals of its propulsion design restricted the type to VTOL operations.Fact|date=April 2008 In fact, shipboard short take-off trials had begun by December 1979, while experiments with run-on landings followed onboard "Minsk" between September 1980 and February 1981. V/STOL operations were made easier by the addition of a refined automatic flight-control system, linked to a thumb switch on the pilot’s stick. Rolling take-offs were conducted with the lift engines deflected aft, the main engine nozzles being rotated automatically from 60° to 25° during the take-off run, before being slowly returned to the horizontal as the lift engines were shut down.

The "Kiev" class ships normally embarked a total of 12 single-seat Yak-38s, supplemented by two or three two-seat Yak-38Us, as part of an independent aviation regiment that also included two squadrons of (mainly anti-submarine warfare) helicopters. Of the seven landing pads available on the deck of each of the Project 1143s, all but one could accommodate the Yak-38.

During April and May 1980 four Yak-38s and four AV-MF pilots were deployed to Afghanistan as part of a 50-day trial codenamed Romb-1, although the ‘hot and high’ conditions prevented any meaningful combat missions from being undertaken – in total, 12 combat sorties were made, but only two 100-kg bombs could be carried. In the event, any involvement would have been further limited by the ‘near-operational’ nature of the Romb-1 deployment (which also involved the first and third prototype Su-25s). The aircraft involved were not intended to be subject to combat, but rather tested under conditions that simulated the battlefield to a high degree. Despite their official non-operational nature, aircraft involved in the Romb trials could be requested to undertake combat sorties by local divisional commanders, on an ad hoc basis. The Yak-38s and prototype Su-25s operated out of a specially prepared air base near Shindand. Even with a much-reduced fuel and weapons load, the Yak-38 proved incapable of operating during the hot daylight hours (after around 0500 hrs).

In September 1982 "Novorossiysk", the third "Kiev" class vessel, was commissioned. By now the V/STOL technique had been well practised, and the resulting increase in the Yak-38’s overall performance and capability was exploited during the passage of Novorossiysk from Severomorsk to join the Pacific Fleet. In a maritime context, the Yak-38 was not limited to the decks of the Kiev class. In September 1983 AV-MF pilots operated from the civilian ‘Ro-Ro’ vessel Agostinio Neto, and NII-VVS pilots conducted further tests from another ‘Ro-Ro’, Nikolai Cherkasov. In both cases, use was made of a heat-resistant landing platform; further land-based trials tested the practicality of dispersed landing platforms, in a similar concept to the RAF’s Harrier operations in West Germany.cite web |url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_488.shtml |title=The Soviet Navy ‘Forger’: Yak-36M, Yak-38, Yak-38U and Yak-38M |accessdate=2008-07-16 |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |coauthors= |date=November 27, 2004 |publisher=Air Combat Information Group]

Variants

;Yak-36M "Forger":The initial pre-production version, differing slightly from the Yak-38. It weighed only 6650 kg compared to the Yak-38's 7370 kg and the engines were slightly less powerful.

;Yak-38 "Forger-A":The Yak-38 was the first production model, it first flew on January 15, 1971, and entered service with the Soviet Naval Aviation on August 11, 1976. A total of 143 Yak-38s were produced.

;Yak-38M "Forger-A":The Yak-38M was an upgraded version of the Yak-38, the main difference being the new Tumansky R-28V-300 and two Rybinsk RD-38 engines. The maximum take off weight in VTOL was increased from 10 300 kg to 11 300 kg (or 12 000 kg in short takeoff mode). The air intakes were slightly widened and the pylons under wings were reinforced to carry a ton of armament. Yak-38M begin entered service with the Soviet Naval Aviation after June 1985, a total of 50 Yak-38M were produced.

;Yak-38U "Forger-B":Two-seat training version for the Soviet Naval Aviation, this version differed from the basic aircraft in having an increased fuselage to accommodate a two-seater cockpit. The Yak-38U entered service on November 15, 1978, a total of 38 Yak-38U have been produced with the 38th aircraft being delivered in 1981.

Unbuilt projects

;Yak-36P (or Yak-36MF):Intended supersonic follow-on to the attack-optimised Yak-36M, adding AI radar, medium-range AAMs and advanced navigation equipment. A third RD-36-35 lift jet was also added to cope with increased take-off weight.

;Yak-36-70F:1970 project for supersonic light fighter with a pair of afterburning (hence ‘F’ suffix) lift/cruise engines, lift engines deleted, variable intakes, bicycle undercarriage.

;Yak-36A:Project for version with R-49V lift/cruise engine and two lift engines; one fuselage completed for tests under Tu-16.

;Yak-36O:Refined version of Yak-36M with 15000-kg thrust Type 55 (or subsequently R-61V) engine in redesigned fuselage.

;Yak-38L (Yak-38I?):AL-21F lift/cruise engine replacing R-27V-300.

;Yak-38MP:Yak-38M fitted with a weapons system derived from that of the MiG-29 and including N019 radar and advanced nav/attack suite.

;Yak-39:Multi-role fighter/attack aircraft project dating from 1983, employing one R-28V-300 and two RD-48 engines, PRNK-39 avionics kompleks; S-41D multi-mode radar, larger wing, increased fuel capacity and expanded weapons options based around Shkval or Kaira PGM designation systems.

Operators

;USSR
* Soviet Navy

pecifications (Yakovlev Yak-38M)

aircraft specifications

plane or copter?=plane
jet or prop?=jet
crew=One
length main= 16.37 m
length alt=50 ft 1 in
span main=7.32 m
span alt=24 ft 0 in
height main= 4.25 m
height alt=14 ft 5 in
area main=18.5 m²
area alt=199 ft²
empty weight main= 7,385 kg
empty weight alt=16,281 lb
loaded weight main= kg
loaded weight alt= lb
max takeoff weight main= 11 300 kg
max takeoff weight alt= 28,700 lb)

Powerplant: 1 x Tumansky R-28 V-300 turbojet, 66.7kN (15,000 lb_f
engine (jet)= Rybinsk RD-38
type of jet= turbojets
number of jets= 2
thrust main= 31.9 kN
thrust alt= 7,870 lb_f

max speed main= 1 050 km/h
max speed alt= 652 mph
range main= 1,300 km [cite web |url=http://www.yak.ru/ENG/FIRM/HISTMOD/yak-38.php |title=Vertical take-off/landing aircraft: Yak-38 |accessdate=2008-07-16 |date=July 16, 2008 |publisher=Yakovlev Design Bureau]
range alt= 807 miles
ceiling main= 11 000 m
ceiling alt= 36 089 ft
climb rate main= 4,500 m/min
climb rate alt= 39,400 ft/min
loading main= kg/m²
loading alt= lb/ft²
thrust/weight=1+

armament= [ [http://babelfish.altavista.com/babelfish/trurl_pagecontent?lp=fr_en&trurl=http%3a%2f%2fprototypes.free.fr%2fyak36%2fyak36-8.htm Yak-36/38/41 website] ]
* Guns: GSh-23L gun pod (GP-9), this gun could be carried in one or two pods PUK-23-250 fixed under the external pylons of wings.
* Bombs: two bombs FAB-500 (or four FAB-250) under pylons, or two incendiary bombs ZB-500, or two bombs nuclear tactical RN-28.
* Rockets: various types of rockets (up to 240 millimetres)
* Missiles: two anti-ship missiles Kh-23 it weighed 285 kg, was radiocontrolled and had 10 kilometres of range, guided air-to-surface missiles (ASMs), which demanded carriage of a guidance pod on one of the pylons, two R-60 or R-60M air-to-air missiles could be carried under the external pylons.
* Other: external tanks,

ee also

aircontent
related=
* Yakovlev Yak-36

similar aircraft=
* Harrier series
* VFW VAK 191B
* Yakovlev Yak-141

References

External links

* [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/row/yak-38.htm Yak-38 photo gallery]
* [http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_488.shtml Yak-38 Informationn]
* [http://babelfish.altavista.com/babelfish/trurl_pagecontent?lp=fr_en&trurl=http%3a%2f%2fprototypes.free.fr%2fyak36%2fyak36-4.htm Yak-36, Yak-38 and Yak-41 information]
* [http://scalemodels.ru/modules/photo/viewcat_cid_170.html Walkaround on 2 Yak-38 in Monino Aviation Museum, Russia]