Alexander Mackenzie

Infobox Prime Minister
name=The Honourable
Alexander Mackenzie
small

order =2nd
office =Prime Minister of Canada
term_start =November 7, 1873
term_end =October 9, 1878
predecessor =John A. Macdonald
successor =John A. Macdonald
birth_date =birth date|1822|1|28|mf=y
birth_place =Logierait, Scotland
death_date =death date and age |1892|4|17|1822|1|28
death_place =Toronto, Ontario
party =Liberal Party of Canada
religion =Presbyterian, then Baptist
spouse = Helen Neil
children = 3
alma_mater = None
occupation =
profession = Building Contractor, Architect, Engineer, Writer

Alexander Mackenzie, PC (January 28, 1822 – April 17, 1892), a building contractor and writer, was the second Prime Minister of Canada from November 7, 1873 to October 9, 1878.

Biography

He was born in Logierait, Perth and Kinross, Scotland to Alexander Mackenzie, Sr. and Mary Stewart Fleming. He was the third of ten children. At the age of 13, Mackenzie's father died, and he was forced to end his formal education in order to help support his family. At the age of 16, He apprenticed as a stone mason, and by the age of 20 he had reached journeyman status in this field. Mackenzie immigrated to Canada in 1842 in order to seek a better life as well as to follow his sweetheart, Helen Neil. Shortly thereafter, he converted from Presbyterianism to Baptist beliefs. Mackenzie's faith was to link him to the increasingly influential Temperance cause, particularly strong in Ontario, where he lived, a constituency of which he was to represent in the Parliament of Canada.

Mackenzie married Helen Neil (1826-1852) in 1845 and with her had three children, with only one girl surviving infancy. In 1853, he married Jane Sym (1825-1893).

In Canada, Mackenzie continued his career as a stone mason, building many structures that still stand today. He began working as a general contractor and it is in doing this that he earned his reputation for being a hard working, honest man as well as having a working man's view on fiscal policy.

Mackenzie involved himself in politics almost from the moment he arrived in Canada. He campaigned relentlessly for George Brown, owner of the Reformist paper The Globe, in the 1851 election, helping him to win a seat in the assembly. In 1852 Mackenzie became editor of a different reformist paper, the Lampton Shield. As editor, Mackenzie was perhaps a little too vocal, leading the paper to a suit of law for libel against the local conservative candidate. The paper lost the suit and was forced to fold due to financial hardship. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly himself as a supporter of George Brown in 1861.

When the Macdonald government fell due to the Pacific scandal in 1873, the Governor General, Lord Dufferin, had to call on someone to form a government. Mackenzie had been chosen as the leader of the Liberal Party just a few months before and so was called upon to form a new government. Mackenzie formed a government and then asked the Governor General to call an election for January 1874. The Liberals won, and Mackenzie remained prime minister until the 1878 election when Macdonald's Conservatives returned to power with a majority government.

It was unusual for a man of Mackenzie's humble origins to attain such a position in an age which generally offered such opportunity only to the privileged. Lord Dufferin, the current Governor General, expressed early misgivings about a stonemason taking over government. But on meeting Mackenzie, Dufferin revised his opinions: "However narrow and inexperienced Mackenzie may be, I imagine he is a thoroughly upright, well-principled, and well-meaning man."

Mackenzie also served as Minister of Public Works and oversaw the completion of the Parliament Buildings. While drawing up the plans, he included a circular staircase leading directly from his office to the outside of the building. This clever addition allowed him to escape the patronage-seekers waiting for him in his ante-chamber. Proving Dufferin's reflections on his character to be true, Mackenzie disliked intensely the patronage inherent in politics. Nevertheless, he found it a necessary evil in order to maintain party unity and ensure the loyalty of his fellow Liberals.

In keeping with his democratic ideals, Mackenzie refused the offer of a knighthood three times. His pride in his working-class origins never left him. Once, while touring Fort Henry as prime minister, he asked the soldier accompanying him if he knew the thickness of the wall beside them. The embarrassed escort confessed that he didn't and Mackenzie replied, "I do. It is five feet, ten inches. I know, because I built it myself!" [Canada's Prime Ministers, 1867 - 1994: Biographies and Anecdotes. [Ottawa] : National Archives of Canada, [1994] . 40 p.]

As Prime Minister, Alexander Mackenzie strove to reform and simplify the machinery of government. He introduced the secret ballot; created the Supreme Court of Canada; established the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston in 1874; created the Office of the Auditor General in 1878; and struggled to continue progress on the national railway. After his government's defeat, Mackenzie remained Leader of the Opposition until 1880, when he relinquished the party leadership to Edward Blake. However, he remained as a Member of Parliament until his death in 1892 from a stroke that resulted from hitting his head during a fall. He died in Toronto and is buried in the Lakeview Cemetery, Sarnia.

Legacy

The Mackenzie building at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario was named in his honour.

At the time, it was customary for the monarch to knight all Canadian Prime Ministers but Mackenzie declined all offers of a knighthood. He was the only Canadian Prime Minister not to be knighted until Arthur Meighen took office in 1920.

There is an Alexander Mackenzie High School in both Richmond Hill and Sarnia in Ontario named after him.

Supreme Court appointments

Mackenzie chose the following jurists to sit as justices of the Supreme Court of Canada:
* Sir William Buell Richards (as Chief Justice, September 30, 1875 – January 10, 1879)
* Telesphore Fournier (September 30, 1875 – September 12, 1895)
* William Alexander Henry (September 30, 1875 – May 3, 1888)
* Sir William Johnstone Ritchie (September 30, 1875 – September 25, 1892)
* Sir Samuel Henry Strong (September 30, 1875 – November 18, 1902)
* Jean-Thomas Taschereau (September 30, 1875 – October 6, 1878)
* Sir Henri Elzear Taschereau (October 7, 1878 – May 2, 1906)

Helen Neil Mackenzie

Helen Neil Mackenzie (October 21, 1826 - January 4, 1852) was the first wife of Alexander Mackenzie. She had three children, and died after being married to Mackenzie for seven years. Only one of their children survived infancy, a girl, named Mary Mackenzie. Her other two children were named Mary Mackenzie (same as her sister's) and a son whose name is unknown. It was because of Helen, who previously emigrated to Canada with her family, that Alexander also came to Canada.

External links

*DictCanbio|ID=6252
*Parlbio|ID=1871

Persondata
NAME=Mackenzie, Alexander
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
SHORT DESCRIPTION=2nd Prime Minister of Canada (1873-1878)
DATE OF BIRTH=birth date|1822|1|28|mf=y
PLACE OF BIRTH=Logierait, Perthshire, Scotland
DATE OF DEATH=death date|1892|4|17|mf=y
PLACE OF DEATH=Toronto