Property of R. Bryant's parametrization
If "z" is replaced by the negative reciprocal of its complex conjugate, then the functions "g1", "g2", and "g3" of "z" are left unchanged.
Proof
Let "g1′" be obtained from "g1" by substituting "z" with Then we obtain:Multiply both numerator and denominator by :Multiply both numerator and denominator by -1,:
It is generally true for any complex number "z" and any integral power "n" that:therefore::therefore since, for any complex number "z",:
Let "g2′" be obtained from "g2" by substituting "z" with Then we obtain:::::::::therefore since, for any complex number "z",:
Let "g3′" be obtained from "g3" by substituting "z" with Then we obtain:::::::::therefore Q.E.D.
ymmetry of the Boy's surface
Boy's surface has 3-fold symmetry. This means that it has an axis of discrete rotational symmetry: any 120° turn about this axis will leave the surface looking exactly the same. The Boy's surface can be cut into three mutually congruent pieces.
Proof
Two complex-algebraic identities will be used in this proof: let "U" and "V" be complex numbers, then::
Given a point "P(z)" on the Boy's surface with complex parameter "z" inside the unit disk in the complex plane, we will show that rotating the parameter "z" 120° about the origin of the complex plane is equivalent to rotating the Boy's surface 120° about the "Z"-axis (still using R. Bryant's parametric equations given above).
Let:be the rotation of parameter "z". Then the "raw" (unscaled) coordinates "g1", "g2", and "g3" will be converted, respectively, to "g′1", "g′2", and "g′3".
Substitute "z′" for "z" in "g3(z)", resulting in::Since it follows that:therefore This means that the axis of rotational symmetry will be parallel to the "Z"-axis.
Plug in "z′" for "z" in "g1(z)", resulting in:Noticing that :Then, letting in the denominator yields:
Now, applying the complex-algebraic identity, and letting:we get:Both and are distributive with respect to addition, and::due to Euler's formula, so that:Applying the complex-algebraic identities again, and simplifying to -1/2 and to produces:Simplify constants,:therefore:
Applying the complex-algebraic identity to the original "g1" yields:::
Plug in "z′" for "z" in "g2(z)", resulting in:Simplify the exponents,:::
Now apply the complex-algebraic identity to "g′2", obtaining:Distribute the with respect to addition, and simplify constants,:Apply the complex-algebraic identities again,:Simplify constants,:then distribute with respect to addition,:
Applying the complex-algebraic identity to the original "g2" yields:::
The raw coordinates of the pre-rotated point are::and the raw coordinates of the post-rotated point are::Comparing these four coordinates we can verify that::In matrix form, this can be expressed as:Therefore rotating "z" by 120° to "z′" on the complex plane is equivalent to rotating "P(z)" by -120° about the "Z"-axis to "P(z′)". This means that the Boy's surface has 3-fold symmetry, "quod erat demonstrandum".