Summis desiderantes affectibus

"Summis desiderantes affectibus" ( _en. Desiring with supreme ardor) [The name is sometimes abbreviated "Summis desiderantes" (Kors and Peters, p. 180; Burr, p. 7). Burr also refers to this document as "The Witch-Bull of 1484".] was a papal bull issued by Pope Innocent VIII on December 5, 1484.

The bull was written in response to the request of Dominican Inquisitor Heinrich Kramer for explicit authority to prosecute witchcraft in Germany, after he was refused assistance by the local ecclesiastical authorities.Kors and Peters, 2000, p. 177.]

The bull recognized the existence of witches and gave full papal approval for the Inquisition to move against witches and permission to do whatever necessary to get rid of them. The bull essentially repeated Kramer's view that an outbreak of witchcraft and heresy had occurred in the Rhine River valley, specifically in the bishoprics of Mainz, Cologne, Trier, Salzburg and Bremen, including accusations of certain acts. [Black, 2003, p. 6.]

The bull urged local authorities to cooperate with the inquisitors and threatened those who impeded their work with excommunication. [Darst, 1979, p. 299.]

Despite this threat, the bull failed to ensure that Kramer got the support he had hoped for, causing him to retire and to compile his views on witchcraft into his book "Malleus Maleficarum", which was published in 1487. To bolster the book's challenged authority, Kramer among other things included "Summis desiderantes affectibus" as the preface of his book, feigning papal approval for his work. [Russell, 229]

The bull is often viewed as opening the door for the witchhunts of the early modern period. However, its similarities to previous papal documents, emphasis on preaching, and lack of dogmatic pronouncement complicate this view. The "Catholic Encyclopedia" criticizes the importance attached to the encyclical in the context of the ensuing witch hunts as "altogether illusory." [ws|"" in the 1913 "Catholic Encyclopedia"]

Some scholars view the bull as "clearly political", motivated by jurisdictional disputes between the local German Catholic priests and those of the Inquisition who answered more directly to the pope. [Darst, 1979, p. 298.]

Notes

References

*Black, George F. 2003. "Calendar of Cases of Witchcraft in Scotland 1510 to 1727". Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0766158381.
*cite book |last=Burr |first=George Lincoln |authorlink=George Lincoln Burr |coauthors= |others= |title=The witch-persecutions |year=1907 |publisher=Philadelphia, Pa. |location=The Department of History of the University of Pennsylvania |url=http://www.aren.org/prison/documents/wicca/12/12.pdf |id= ( [http://orbis.uoregon.edu/record=b2126860 bibrec] ):Published in the series: "Translations and reprints from the original sources of European history" ; v. 3, no. 4.
*cite journal |quotes= |last=Darst |first=David H. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1979 |month=October 15, |title=Witchcraft in Spain: The Testimony of Martín de Castañega's Treatise on Superstition and Witchcraft (1529) |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume=123 |issue=5 |pages=298–322 |id= |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-049X(19791015)123%3A5%3C298%3AWISTTO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J |accessdate=
*Kors, Alan Charles, and Peters, Edward. 2000. "Witchcraft in Europe, 400-1700: A Documentary History". University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812217519.
*Russell, Jeffery Burton. "Witchcraft in the Middles Ages". Cornell University Press. Ithaca, NY. 1972

External links

* [http://www.malleusmaleficarum.org/mm00e.html "The Bull of Innocent VIII"] as published in the "Malleus Maleficarum" translated by Montague Summers.