Colchester Castle

Colchester Castle, front

Colchester Castle, front and SE corner

Colchester Castle in Colchester, Essex is an example of a largely complete Norman castle. It is a Grade I listed building.

Construction

At one and a half times the size of the Tower of London's White Tower,^[1] Colchester's keep is the largest ever built in Britain and the largest surviving example in Europe.^[2][3] There has always been debate as to the original height of the castle. It has been suggested that the keep was at one time four storeys high, though for a number of reasons, including the peaceful region of the castle and the lack of local stone, it is now thought that it had only two or three.^[4] The castle is built on the foundations (or the podium) of the earlier Roman temple of Claudius (built between 54AD-60AD).^[4] These foundations, with their massive vaults, have since been uncovered and can be viewed today on a castle tour.

The castle was ordered by William the Conqueror and designed by Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester. Building began between 1069 and 1076 under the supervision of Eudo Dapifer, who became the castle's steward on its completion. Building stopped in 1080 because of a threat of Viking invasion, but the castle was completed by around 1100. Many materials, such as Roman brick and clay taken from the Roman town, were used in the building and these can easily be seen. Scaffolding pole holes and garderobes can still be seen in the structure.

Later history

In 1215, the castle was besieged and eventually captured by King John, following the altercation with rebellious nobles that eventually led to the Magna Carta.

Colchester Castle, rear from NW

The castle has had various uses since it ceased to be a royal castle. It has been a county prison, where in 1645 the self-styled Witchfinder General, Matthew Hopkins interrogated and imprisoned suspected witches. In 1648, during the Second English Civil War, the Royalist leaders Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle were executed just to the rear of the castle. Local legend has it that grass will not grow on the spot on which they fell. A small obelisk now marks the point. In 1656 the Quaker James Parnell was martyred there.

In 1650 a Parliament Survey condemned the building and valued the stone at five pounds.^[5] In 1683 an ironmonger, John Wheely, was licensed to pull it all down - presumably to use as building material in the town. After "great devastations" in which much of the upper structure was demolished using screws and gunpowder, he gave up when the operation became unprofitable.^[6]

In 1727 the castle was bought by Mary Webster for her daughter Sarah, who was married to Charles Gray, the Member of Parliament for Colchester. To begin with, Gray leased out the keep to a local grain merchant and the east side was leased out to the county as a gaol. In the late 1740s Gray began a programme of restoration and added the present day facade and tower. He created a private park around the ruin and his summer house (perched on the old Norman castle earthworks, in the shape of a Roman temple) can still be seen. Charles Gray also added a library and a study.

Twentieth and twenty-first centuries

In 1922, the castle and the surrounding park were given to the town and they have remained as the Upper and Lower Castle Parks ever since. The castle is now a public museum.

Ownership

The later inheritance of the castle and its grounds is illustrated below. Only those greyed out did not at some time own the building. Though Charles Gray Round died before the area was sold to the corporation of Colchester, his will ensured that it was held in trust with that eventual purpose.

Mary Webster

John Webster

Ralph Creffeild (1)

Sarah Webster

Charles Gray (2)

Mary Wilbraham

Peter Creffeild

Thamer Creffeild

James Round

James Round

Charles Round

Charles Gray Round

Notes

1. ^ Creighton 2002, p. 150.
2. ^ Friar 2003, p. 16.
3. ^ Museums Staff 2011, History.
4. ^ ^{a b} Crummy 2000.
5. ^ ERO T?P 64/25
6. ^ Wheeler 1920, p. 87.

References

• Creighton, Oliver (2002), Castles and Landscapes, Continuum, ISBN 0-8264-5896-3 
• Crummy, Philip (December 2000), A Survey of Colchester Castle, The Colchester Archaeological Trust, http://www.catuk.org/doku.php?id=surveys:castle, retrieved September 2011 
• Friar, Stephen (2003), The Sutton Companion to Castles, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7509-3994-2 
• Museums Staff (2011), Colchester Castle Museum: History, Colchester and Ipswich Museums Service and Colchester Borough Council, http://www.colchestermuseums.org.uk/castle/castle_history.html, retrieved September 2011 
• Wheeler, R. E. M. (1920), "The Vaults under Colchester Castle: a further note", Journal of Roman Studies 10: 87-89 

Further reading

• Crummy, Philip (1981), Aspects of Anglo-Saxon and Norman Colchester, Published by the Colchester Archaeological Trust and the Council for British Archaeology, ISBN 0-906780-06-3, http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/cbaresrep/pdf/039/039tl001.pdf 
  • Appendix 4 Notes on Colchester Keep, http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/cbaresrep/pdf/039/03911001.pdf  This section includes a plan of the keep.
  • Appendix 5 Notes on the borough seals, http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/cbaresrep/pdf/039/03912001.pdf  Borough seals include mediaeval representations of the castle.
• Wheeler, R. E. Mortimer; Laver, Philip G. (1919), "Roman Colchester", Journal of Roman Studies 9: 139-169 

External links

• Colchester Castle Museum
• English Castles - The Heritage Trail

Coordinates: 51°53′29″N 0°54′08″E / 51.89133°N 0.90217°E / 51.89133; 0.90217