Robert Hubert

Robert Hubert (c. 1640 [ [http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/mcmcann/thefire.htm Compuserve.com] , accessed 3 September 2006. "The Secret of William Lilly's Prediction ofThe Fire of London"] "a 26 year old French silversmith, Robert Hubert". Birth calculated from this source.] - 28 September, 1666) was a watchmaker [Wikipedia, accessed 3 September 2006. "Great Fire of London". "A simple-minded French watchmaker named Robert "Lucky" Hubert...".
One source claims he was also a silversmith: [http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A3851129]
[http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/mcmcann/thefire.htm]
One source, however, claims he was a sailor: [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/01/the_odd_body_confessing_sam/ The Register.co.uk] , accessed 3 September 2006.] "At his trial it was proven that Hubert, a sailor...".] from Rouen, France [ [http://www.trivia-library.com/c/time-and-history-100-am-the-great-london-fire.htm] "... a French watchmaker from Rouen, Robert Hubert ...".] , famous for his false confession of starting the Great Fire of London.

Great Fire of London

Between 2 and 5 September 1666, a major fire broke out in Pudding Lane in the City of London, and proceeded to destroy around 80 per cent of the city.

Confession

Hubert's confession, at first, was of starting a fire in Westminster. However, this story proved unsatisfactory, and his confession changed upon learning that the fire never reached Westminster. [ [http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/ukandireland/a/agreatfirelon_4.htm About.com] , accessed 3 September 2006. "The Great Fire of London 1666: Hunting For A Scapegoat".] "...at first he said he'd started it in Westminster, which the fire never even got near...".] Seemingly, having learned that the fire started in Pudding Lane, in the house of the baker Thomas Farynor, he then claimed to have thrown a crude fire grenade through the open window of the Farynor bakery. [ [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/01/the_odd_body_confessing_sam/ The Register.co.uk] , accessed 3 September 2006. "What is a Confessing Sam?"] "Hubert confessed to having started the fire by throwing a crude fire grenade through an open bakery window."] He claimed to have acted with accomplices, who stopped the water cocks to sabotage the effort to put out the fire. Hubert's confessed motive was, apparently, that he was a French spy [ [http://www.oldlondonmaps.com/viewspages/0157.html] "... he claimed to have had accomplices had stopped the water cocks for the water supply of London so that the fire could not be fought effectively (during the fire the reservoirs of water kept in the city for such an eventuality were strangely dry). Hubert (who claimed he was an agent for the French) ...".] , and an agent of the Pope. He wasn't even in the country but he stil confessed to a fire that destroyed four fifths of London.

Trial

From the beginning, Hubert's confessions never seemed convincing. His retroactive change of story to fit the facts, though, was not the only reason. Hubert, a Frenchman, had not even been in London at the time that the fire broke out — he had not even arrived in England until two days after the fire started. [ [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/01/the_odd_body_confessing_sam/ The Register.co.uk] , accessed 3 September 2006.] "...Hubert, a sailor, had not arrived in England until two days after the fire started...".] That he was not in the country at the time of the outbreak of fire is not in doubt, as testified, years later, by a captain of the Swedish ship the "Maid of Stockholm", [ [http://www.cercles.com/review/r1/hanson.html] "... a few years later the master of the Maid of Stockholm testified that the young man, who was bound for Rouen, was on board his ship when the fire broke out."] that he personally had landed Hubert ashore two days after the outbreak of the fire. [ [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E3D81331F931A1575AC0A9649C8B63] "Many years later a Swedish ship's captain testified that he had landed the watchmaker ashore two days after the fire had started."] Having never seen the Farynor bakery, Hubert was also not to know that it had no windows. What is more, he was judged so severely crippled that it would have been impossible for him to throw the claimed grenade. [ [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/01/the_odd_body_confessing_sam/ The Register.co.uk] , accessed 3 September 2006.] " [he] was never near the bakery where the fire started, and was so badly crippled that throwing anything was beyond him. If that were not enough, the bakery had no windows."]

Hubert's confession is often attributed to a mental simplicity, an inability to understand what it was he was doing; a kind of 'Confessing Sam' tendency. One source claims, though, that the confession was coerced "probably by an extreme form of torture". [ [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E3D81331F931A1575AC0A9649C8B63] " [he] was coerced into confessing (probably by an extreme form of torture) to having hurled a homemade chemical fireball into the bakery."]

As "The London Gazette" suggests, some put the disaster down to chance:

[...] notwithstanding which suspicion, the manner of the burning all along in a Train, and so blowen forwards in all its way by strong Wings, make us conclude the whole was an effect of an unhappy chance, or to speak better, the heavy hand of God upon us for our sins [...] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
] , accessed 3 September 2006. "London-gazette.gif".]

Despite the many obvious flaws and impossibilities in Hubert's confession, there was a need for a scapegoat. The need for a scapegoat was so high, apparently, that even the King was suspected of having instigated it, in order to punish the people of London for the execution of his father. [http://www.cercles.com/review/r1/hanson.html Reviews ] ] Somewhat contradictorily, with Britain being at war, nationalism was high, and many nationalities were suspect due to Britain being at war with them at the time - the French, Spanish, Dutch and Irish. [http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/learning/features_facts/tudor_stuart_london_2.html] ] Frenchmen were particularly vulnerable, as illustrated by the murder of a Frenchman whose tennis balls were mistaken for 'balls of fire'. Hubert, a foreigner and Frenchman, was a chief suspect, as suggested by the "London Gazette":

[...] Strangers, Dutch and French were, during the fire, apprehended, upon suspicion that they contributed mischievously to it, who are all imprisoned, and Informations prepared to make a severe inquisition [...]

Catholics were also chief suspects, and accusations were so formal as to be added to the Monument in 1668, which stayed (with brief interruptions) until 1830:

[...] the most dreadful Burning of this City; begun and carried on by the treachery and malice of the Popish faction. [ [http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/ukandireland/a/agreatfirelon_4.htm About.com] , accessed 3 September 2006. "The Great Fire of London 1666: Hunting For A Scapegoat".] "Catholics remained the favoured villain [...] the inscription remained until 1830.".]

Hubert had convenient attributes. He was tried and sentenced at the Old Bailey. [ [http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A3851129 BBC - h2g2 - The Great Fire of London, UK ] ]

Despite the contradictoriness of both Hubert's account and of public opinion, the Farynor family, in whose bakery the fire had started, was naturally under pressure — they needed to show that their ovens had been doused properly— and three members of the family were present in the jury. [ [http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/ukandireland/a/agreatfirelon_4.htm About.com] , accessed 3 September 2006. "The Great Fire of London 1666: Hunting For A Scapegoat".] "...the group judging him contained three members of the Farriner family. They vehemently denied any wrongdoing and claimed to have doused the ovens properly...".] Thomas Farynor stated that, after midnight, he had:

gone through every room and found no fire, but in one chimney, where the room was paved with bricks, which fire I diligently raked up in embers [...] no window or door might let wind disturb them and that it was absolutely set on fire on purpose [...]

Few of the jury at the trial actually believed Hubert guilty. One contemporary account claims that Hubert was "only accused upon his own confession; yet neither the judges nor any present at the trial did believe him guilty, but that he was a poor distracted wretch, weary of his life, and chose to part with it in this way." [Quoted in [http://www.trivia-library.com/c/time-and-history-100-am-the-great-london-fire.htm] .] The jury stated that he did not have "the fear of God before his eyes, but [was] moved and led away by the instigation of the devil". [ [http://www.trivia-library.com/c/time-and-history-100-am-the-great-london-fire.htm] "The Old Bailey jury, however, found that, "not having the fear of God before his eyes, but moved and led away by the instigation of the devil," Hubert had deliberately started the fire."]

Hubert was hanged at Tyburn, London, [http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/learning/features_facts/tudor_stuart_london_2.html] ] As his body was being handed to the Company of Barber Surgeons for dissection, it was torn apart by a crowd of Londoners. [ [http://www.cercles.com/review/r1/hanson.html] "The manner in which the Londoners who watched the execution of Hubert tore his body to pieces as it was about to be handed to the beadle of the Worshipful Company of Barber Surgeons for dissection bears witness to the hatred that the fire had aroused."]

It was hoped that with Hubert's death, "the talk of plots and conspiracies might die with him". In 1667, after the need for scapegoats had died down, the fire was officially attributed to 'the hand of God, a great wind and a very dry season...'. One source attributes the accident to a spark falling upon a bale of straw in the bakery of the Farriners [ [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E3D81331F931A1575AC0A9649C8B63 When London Started Over - New York Times ] ] , and many assume the spark to have come from the oven of the Farynor bakery [ [http://www.oldlondonmaps.com/viewspages/0157.html] "...and everyone blames the open door of Farriner's oven."] .

References