Leopold Mannes

Leopold Damrosch Mannes (December 26, 1899 – August 11, 1964) was an American musician, born in New York City, who, together with Leopold Godowsky, Jr., created the first practical color transparency film, Kodachrome.

Mannes and Godowsky's experimentation with color photography began in 1917, after seeing the film [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0160618/ Our Navy] in Prizma Color, which was advertised as a color film. Because of the low quality the boys felt cheated and decided to do something about it. They built a movie camera and projector, each with three lenses covered by red, blue, and yellow filters. They took multiple black-and-white exposures and projected them back through the filters. They patented this system while still in high school, but it was not a commercially viable process.

Mannes went on to study piano at Harvard and earned a Pulitzer Music Scholarship and a Guggenheim fellowship (1926) to study music composition in Italy. He later continued to play professional piano while studying physics at Harvard. Godowsky studied violin at UCLA and became a violinist with the Los Angeles and the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra. Although a continent apart, they continued to collaborate on ideas for improving color photography. By 1922, Godowsky had given up his orchestra jobs in California and moved back to New York City where he and Mannes worked as musicians. They experimented with color photography during their spare time.

While on his way to perform in Europe in late 1922, Mannes made the chance acquaintance of a senior partner in the investment firm of Kuhn, Loeb and Co. and described their progress with color photography. Some months later the firm sent one of their junior associates, Lewis L. Strauss to the Mannes apartment to view the color process. The final results were impressive enough for Kuhn Loeb to invest in the process.

With financial backing, Mannes and Godowsky built a dedicated laboratory and in 1924 took out additional patents on their work. In 1930 Eastman Kodak was so impressed with their results that they contracted them to move to Rochester and take advantage of Kodak's research facilities.

By 1933, Mannes and Godowsky and the Kodak research staff had developed a marketable three-color emulsion process for color home movies. Kodachrome film consisted of three layers of standard black and white film silver halides suspended in filter material, making each layer sensitive to a different color (red, green or blue). Color dyes replaced the developed silver salts after re-exposure to light during processing. The completed chromogenic film consisted solely of synthesized dyes suspended in gelatin.

Kodachrome 16mm movie film was released for sale in 1935, and in 1936 Kodachrome 35mm still and 8mm movie film were released.

Mannes returned to music after inventing Kodachrome, performing as a pianist and composing several musical scores. He served as president of the Mannes College of Music (founded by his parents in New York) and served as a judge in music competitions, including the first Van Cliburn International Piano Competition.

Leopold Godowsky, Jr. married George Gershwin's younger sister, the singer Frances Gershwin, who went on to become a painter and sculptor. He continued the musical tradition of his father, Leopold Godowsky (who was a well known pianist in his time), playing violin with the Los Angeles and San Francisco Symphony Orchestras, as well as performing jointly with his father.

Mannes and Godowsky were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2005.

Patents

*US patent|1997493 "Color Photography" filed January 1922, issued April 1935
*US patent|2304940 "Color Photography" filed January 1940, issued December 1942