Australosphenida

Taxobox
name = Australosphenida
fossil_range = Middle Jurassic - Recent


image_width = 200px
image_caption = Short-beaked Echidna
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Mammalia
subclassis = Australosphenida
subclassis_authority = Luo, Cifelli, and Kielan-Jaworowska, 2001
subdivision_ranks = Divisions or Orders
subdivision =
* †Ausktribosphenida
* Monotremata

The Australosphenida are a clade of mammals. Today, living specimens exist only in Australia and New Guinea with only five surviving species, but fossils have been found in Madagascar and Argentina. The surviving species consist of the platypus and 4 species of echidna.

This grouping includes the following animals:

*Monotremata, divided into families Kollikodontidae†, Ornithorhynchidae (platypus), Steropodontidae† and Tachyglossidae (echidnas) and the genus "Kryoryctes";
*Ausktribosphenida†, including the genera "Ambondro", "Asfaltomylos", "Ausktribosphenos", "Bishops", and "Henosferus" from the Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous of Argentina, Madagascar and Australia.'†' denotes an extinct taxon.

The clade Australosphenida was proposed by Luo "et al." (2001, 2002) and was initially left unranked, as the authors do not apply the Linnaean hierarchy. In Benton (2005) it is ranked as a 'superdivision', i.e. one or two levels below the infraclass.

The grouping embodies a hypothesis about the evolution of molar teeth in mammals. Living monotremes are toothless as adults, but the juvenile platypus, fossil monotremes and Ausktribosphenida all share a pattern of three molar cusps arranged in a triangle or V shape, which is known as the tribosphenic type of molar. Tribosphenic molars have long been held to characterize the subclass Theria (marsupials, placentals and their extinct relatives) while monotremes were thought to be related to fossil groups with a linear alignment of cusps: morganucodontids, docodonts, triconodonts and multituberculates, all of which were united with the monotremes into the 'subclass Prototheria'. Defined in this way, the 'Prototheria' is no longer recognised as a valid clade, since the linear cusp pattern is a primitive condition within Mammalia and cannot supply the shared derived character which is required to establish a subgroup. Instead, the available evidence suggests that the monotremes descend from a Mesozoic radiation of tribosphenic mammals in the southern continents (hence the name Australosphenida, meaning 'southern wedges'), but this interpretation is highly controversial.

According to Luo "et al.", tribosphenic molars were evolved by the Australosphenida independently of the true Tribosphenida, or Boreosphenida (that is, the therians and their relatives) in the northern continents. Others contend that the Ausktribosphenida in fact belong to the placentals and were therefore true tribosphenids, but unrelated to the ancestry of the monotremes. [Benton 2005: 300, 306-308.] If this were confirmed, it would entail abandoning the clade Australosphenida.

Notes

References

* Benton, Michael J. 2005. "Vertebrate Palaeontology". 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-632-05637-1
* Luo, Z.-X., R.L. Cifelli and Z. Kielan-Jaworowska. 2001. Dual origin of tribosphenic mammals. "Nature" 409: 53-7.
* ———. 2002. In quest for a phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals. "Acta Palaeontologia Polonica" 47: 1-78.