- Insurance bad faith
Insurance bad faith refers to a claim that an insured person has against an insurance company for bad acts. Under the law of nearly every U.S. jurisdiction,
Insurance companies owe a duty of good faith in dealing with the persons they insure. If they violate that obligation, many states allow the insured person (or "policyholder") to sue the insurance company.Historical background
Most laws regulating the
insurance industry in the U.S. are state-specific. Beginning in the 1970's in California, courts began to hold that policyholders could sue insurance companies that acted in bad faith. Other states began to follow, holding that atort claim exists for policy holders that can establish bad faith on the part of insurance carriers. In some cases, the legislatures of the states became involved and passed legislation that permitted bad faith claims.What is bad faith?
An insurance company has many duties to its policyholders. One, it usually has a duty to defend a claim (or lawsuit) even if some or most of the lawsuit is not covered by the insurance policy. Two, it has a duty of indemnification, which is the duty to pay a judgment against the policyholder, up to the limit of coverage, but only if the judgment is for a covered act or omission. As a result, most insurance companies exercise a great deal of control over
litigation .Bad faith is a fluid concept and is defined primarily in
case law . Examples of bad faith include undue delay in handling claims, inadequate investigation, refusal to defend a lawsuit, threats against an insured, refusing to make a reasonable settlement offer, or making unreasonable interpretations of an insurance policy. The policyholder must be damaged, for example, if an insurance company refuses to make a reasonable settlement offer which the policyholder wants, and the policyholder is later subject to a judgment in excess of the policy limits, that is damage.In some cases, the tort or the governing state statute allows
punitive damages against insurance companies as a mechanism to prevent future behavior.References
The following states have their own bad faith claim statutes:
Cal., Cal. ins. Code. Sec. 790.03(h)Col., Col. Rev. Stat. Secs. 5-12-102(1) and 12-21-101(1), Conn., Conn Gen. Stat., 38a-321, Secs. 7.02, 7.04, 7.05 Del., 18 Del. Code Sec. 2304(16)Fl., Fla. Stat. Sec.624.155Ga., Ga. Code. Ann. Secs. 33-6-34 and OGCA Sec. 33-4-6Haw., HRS Sec. 431: 13-102Ill., 215 Ill. Comp. Stat. Sec. 5/155Iowa, Iowa Code Ann. Sec. 516.1Mass., Mass. Gen. Law. Ann. Ch93A, Sec. 9 and Ch. 1760, Sec. 3.MO, Mo. Rev. Stat. Sec. 375.420Mont., Nopt. Code. Ann. Sec. 33-18-242Pa., 42 Pa.C.S.A. Sec. 8371RI, RI Gen Laws, Sec.9-1-33Tenn., Tenn Code. Ann. Sec. 56-7-105TX, Texas Ins. Code. Ann, art. 21.21 and 21.55Wisc., Wisc. Admin. Code. Sec. 6.11, Wisc. Stat. Ann. Sec. 632.22
States that have not passed statutes recognizing bad faith claims may recognize the claim under the state's common law. According to the 1997 edition of Stehpen Ashley's "Bad Faith Actions" (2nd Ed., 1997), Sec. 2.08, states that have recognized common law actions include: Alaska, Arizona, Conn., Ill., Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Miss., Mont., Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Wyoming. Maryland recently enacted legislation that creates a first-party bad faith remedy (effect late 2006) but this has not been tested.
External links
* [http://www.findlaw.com/casecode/#statelaw Findlaw has links to statutes and administrative codes for most states that have them online.]
* [http://www.insurancescrawl.com/archives/bad_faith/ The Insurance Scrawl Blog has a number of articles on current issues in insurance bad-faith law from the perspective of policyholders.]
* [http://www.spriggs.com/news/pdfs/MSM-31.pdf A summary article on the law of first-party insurance bad faith]
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