Lex Aquilia

Lex Aquilia

The lex Aquilia was a Roman law which provided compensation to the owners of property injured by someone's fault.

Contents

The provisions of the Lex Aquilia

The lex Aquilia (strictly, a plebiscite) was possibly enacted in 286 BC, or at some other point in the 3rd century BC. It was concerned with damage done from damnum iniuria datum, "damage unlawfully inflicted", a kind of a delict (or tort), albeit with differences from tort as known in modern common law systems and the Scots Law of Delict. The most pertinent provisions were in the first and third chapters of the law.

Only a limited subset of torts was included in the law as enacted. The first section stated that someone who unlawfully, or wrongfully as it later became known, killed another man's slaves or herd animal (pecus) should pay the owner the highest value that the slave or the beast had over the past year.

Ut qui servum servamve alienum alienamve quadrupedem vel pecudem iniuria occiderit, quanti id in eo anno plurimi fuit, tantum aes dare domino damnas esto. [D. 9.2.2.pr]
If anyone wrongfully kills another's male or female slave or four-footed herd-animal, let him be ordered to pay the owner whatever its highest value was in the preceding year.

According to Gaius's Institutes, the second chapter of the lex covered the following scenario:

By the second head an action is established to recover the amount against the adstipulator, who, in fraud of the stipulator, has formally released a debt. [G3.215]

It is clear from the Institutes of Justinian that the second chapter was no longer in force by the fifth century anno domini [I4.3.12]. Additionally, the only other mention which we find of the second chapter within the Digest is the following short extract:

Ulpianus 18 ad ed. Huius legis secundum quidem capitulum in desuetudinem abiit.
Ulpian: The second chapter of the lex has fallen out of use.

Therefore, it is clear that by the time of the Classical juristic writing the second chapter was legally defunct. The sheer lack of textual commentary implies that this occurrence came about very soon after the formulation of the lex in the Republic, and the quotation from Gaius regarding recovery of fraudulently expunged debts does not seem to rest easily with the extant chapters (dealing which varying degrees of property damage).

The third chapter concerned the wrongful "burning, breaking or rending" (urere, frangere, rumpere) not only of slaves and cattle but also other property:

Ceterarum rerum praeter hominem et pecudem occisos si quis alteri damnum faxit, quod usserit fregerit ruperit iniuria, quanti ea res fuit in diebus triginta proximis, tantum aes domino dare damnas esto. [D. 9.2.27.5]
As regards things other than men and cattle which have been killed, if any one does damage to another, and unlawfully burns, breaks, or ruptures something, let him be ordered to pay its owner whatever that thing is worth in the nearest thirty days.

Note that rumpere (rupture) was generally understood as corrumpere (spoil), and thus came to encompass a very large number of different sorts of damage. Some difficulty surrounds the use of the verb 'fuit', generally taken to indicate the perfect tense. However, an alternative translation of the text suggests that the provision might in fact be prospective. In practice, this would mean that the aggrieved party would be entitled to monetary compensation equal to the diminution in value of the article which suffered damage.

Although the Lex Aquilia applied only where damage was unlawfully caused, this requirement was satisfied wherever a person was neglectful, as well as acting intentionally. It did, however, require direct causation. There was an exception to wrongfulness though. If an act could be proven to be justified (which jurists disagreed when exactly this was) it was not wrongful, such as cases of self defense.

The Lex Aquilia could not force a rent object or slain slave or herd animal to be replaced, it could only demand monetary compensation. If liability was denied but found by the iudex anyhow, the compensation was doubled.

Extension of the Lex Aquilia to other cases

The statute was in its terms rather narrow. For instance, the first chapter only applied where the killing had taken place directly (corpori corpore: on the body of the victim by the body of the perpetrator). It gave a remedy only to a citizen. It gave a remedy only to the strict legal owner (dominus) not to people with lesser rights of ownership. However, if an act was not directly caused or the damage inflicted a loss on someone other than the owner, an in factum action could be brought against the person who inflicted damage.

See also

References

  • W W Buckland and P G Stein, A Text-Book of Roman Law. 3rd ed, Cambridge University Press, 1968. (Pages 585-589.)
  • Corpus_Iuris_Civilis#Digesta 9.2
  • Bruce W. Frier, "A Casebook on the Roman Law of Delict" (Scholars Press, 1989).

External links


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем решить контрольную работу

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Lex Aquilĭa — Lex Aquilĭa, ein Gesetz der römischen Republik, das besonders auch die Folgen der Sachbeschädigung bestimmt. Sein erstes Kapitel bestimmte: »Wer einen fremden Sklaven oder ein fremdes vierfüßiges Tier tötet, ist zum Schadenersatz verpflichtet mit …   Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon

  • lex Aquilia — an ancient Roman statute, probably passed in the 3rd century BC. Two provisions of it, the first and third chapters, formed the essence of the delict known as damnum injuria datum, loss wrongfully caused . The third chapter provided that if a man …   Law dictionary

  • Lex Aquilia — Die lex Aquilia (lateinisch für „Gesetz des Aquilius“) war ein römisches Plebiszit zur Regelung des Schadensersatzrechtes, das 286 v. Chr. von dem römischen Volkstribun Aquilius eingeführt worden sein soll. Anderen Quellen zufolge… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • lex Aquilia — /leks akwiliya/ The Aquilian law; a celebrated law passed on the proposition of the tribune C. Aquilius Gallus, A.U.C. 672, superseding the earlier portions of the Twelve Tables, and regulating the compensation to be made for that kind of damage… …   Black's law dictionary

  • lex Aquilia — /leks akwiliya/ The Aquilian law; a celebrated law passed on the proposition of the tribune C. Aquilius Gallus, A.U.C. 672, superseding the earlier portions of the Twelve Tables, and regulating the compensation to be made for that kind of damage… …   Black's law dictionary

  • Lex — f. (Plural Leges, lateinisch für „Gesetz“) ist ein Begriff aus dem Römischen Reich, der im weiteren Sinne jede Rechtsvorschrift bezeichnet, im engeren Sinne jedoch nur die Rechtsvorschriften, die einen bestimmten Weg durchlaufen hatten. Ursprung… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Aquilia — Der Begriff Aquilia bezeichnet: eine antike römische Familie, die gens Aquilia; ein römisches Gesetz zur Schadensersatzregelung, die lex Aquilia; die dritte Ehefrau des römischen Kaisers Elagabal, Aquilia Severa; einen Sohn Franz’ I. von Sizilien …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Aquilĭa lex — Aquilĭa lex, römisches Gesetz aus unbekannter Zeit; es verordnete, daß, wenn ein Sklav od. ein vierfüßiges Hausthier getödtet war, der höchste Werth desselben in dem nächsten Jahre ersetzt werden sollte; bei anderen Beschädigungen der höchste… …   Pierer's Universal-Lexikon

  • Ley Aquilia — Este artículo o sección necesita referencias que aparezcan en una publicación acreditada, como revistas especializadas, monografías, prensa diaria o páginas de Internet fidedignas. Puedes añadirlas así o avisar …   Wikipedia Español

  • South African law of delict — The South African law of delict engages primarily with the circumstances in which one person can claim compensation from another for harm that has been suffered. [1] JC Van der Walt and Rob Midgley define a delict, in general terms [...] as a… …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”