Bornean Orangutan

Taxobox
name = Bornean OrangutanMSW3 Groves|pages=183-184|id=12100805]
status = EN
status_ref = IUCN2007 | assessors = Ancrenaz, M., Marshall, A., Goossens, B., van Schaik, C., Sugardjito, J., Gumal, M. & Wich, S. | year = 2007 | title = Pongo pygmaeus | id = 17975 | downloaded = 2007-09-13]
trend = unknown
status_system = iucn3.1


image_width = 225px
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Mammalia
ordo = Primates
familia = Hominidae
subfamilia = Ponginae
genus = "Pongo"
species = "P. pygmaeus"
binomial = "Pongo pygmaeus"
binomial_authority = (Linnaeus, 1760)The Bornean Orangutan, "Pongo pygmaeus", is a species of orangutan native to the island of Borneo. Together with the slightly smaller Sumatran Orangutan, it belongs to the only genus of great apes native to Asia.

The Bornean Orangutan has a life span of about 35 to 40 years in the wild; in captivity it can live to be 60. A survey of wild orangutans found that males are typically 75 kg (165 lb) and 1.2-1.4 m (4-4.7 ft) long; females averaging 38.5 kg (82 lb) and 1-1.2 m (3.3-4 ft) long. [Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc (1983), ISBN 978-0851122359]

Taxonomy

There is evidence that there was gene flow between the geographically isolated Bornean Orangutan populations until recently. The Bornean and Sumatran Orangutan species diverged 1.5 – 1.7 million years ago. This occurred well before the two islands (Borneo and Sumatra) separated. The two species of orangutan are more distantly related than the Common Chimpanzee and the Bonobo. Despite the difference, the two orangutan species were only considered subspecies until as recently as 1996, following sequencing of mtDNA.

The Bornean Orangutan has three subspecies:
*Northwest Bornean Orangutan "P. p. pygmaeus" - Sarawak (Malaysia) & northern West Kalimantan (Indonesia)
*Central Bornean Orangutan "P. p. wurmbii" - Southern West Kalimantan & Central Kalimantan (Indonesia)
*Northeast Bornean Orangutan "P. p. morio" - East Kalimantan (Indonesia) & Sabah (Malaysia)

The population currently listed as "P. p. wurmbii" may be closer to the Sumatran Orangutan ("P. abelii") than the Bornean Orangutan. If confirmed, "abelii" would be a subspecies of "P. wurmbii" (Tiedeman, 1808).Bradon-Jones, D., A. A. Eudey, T. Geissmann, C. P. Groves, D. J. Melnick, J. C. Morales, M. Shekelle, and C. B. Stewart. 2004. "Asian primate classification." International Journal of Primatology. 23: 97-164.] Regardless, the type locality of "pygmaeus" has not been established beyond doubts, and may be from the population currently listed as "wurmbii" (in which case "wurmbii" would be a junior synonym of "pygmaeus", while one of the names currently considered a junior synonym of "pygmaeus" would take precedence for the taxon in Sarawak and northern West Kalimantan). To further confuse, the name "morio", as well as various junior synonyms that have been suggested, have been considered likely to all be junior synonyms of the population listed as "pygmaeus" in the above, thus leaving the taxon found in East Kalimantan and Sabah unnamed.

Ecology

The Bornean Orangutan lives in tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Bornean lowlands as well as mountainous areas 1500 m in elevation. It lives at different heights in the trees and moves large distances to find trees bearing fruit. Its diet consists of fruit as well as shoots, bark, mineral rich soil and bird eggs. It also eats insects but to a lesser extent than the Sumatran Orangutan.

The Bornean Orangutan travels on the ground more than its Sumatran counterpart. It is theorized this may be in part because there is no need to avoid the large predators which only exist in Sumatra such as the Sumatran Tiger.

Behavior and reproduction

The Bornean Orangutan is more solitary than the Sumatran Orangutan. Two or three orangutans that have overlapping territories may interact for small periods of time. Males and females generally come together only to mate. Rape is common among orangutans. Sub-adult males will try to mate with any female, though they probably mostly fail to impregnate them since mature females are easily capable of fending them off. Mature females prefer to mate with mature males.

Newborn orangutans nurse every 3 to 4 hours, and begin to take soft food from their mothers' lips by 4 months. the first year of its life the baby clings to its mother's abdomen by entwining its fingers in and gripping her fur. Babies stay with their mothers until they are about 8 or 9 years old and have a long childhood compared to other apes.

tatus

The Bornean Orangutan is more common than the Sumatran, with about 45,000 individuals existing in the wild; there are only about 7,500 of the Sumatran species left in the wild. Orangutans are becoming increasingly endangered due to habitat destruction, and the bushmeat trade,Fact|date=July 2008 and young orangutans are captured to be sold as pets, usually entailing the killing of its mother.

References

* [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_pygmaeus.html Animal Diversity Web - "Pongo pygmaeus"]

External links

* [http://www.orangutans.com.au/ The Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOS)]
* ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Pongo_pygmaeus/ images and movies of the Bornean Orangutan "(Pongo pygmaeus)"]