- Analytic set
:"This article is about analytic sets as defined in
descriptive set theory . There is another notion in the context of analytic varieties."In
descriptive set theory , a subset of aPolish space X is an analytic set if it is a continuous image of a Polish space. These sets were first defined by harvtxt|Luzin|1917 and his student harvtxt|Souslin|1917Definition
There are several equivalent definitions of analytic set. The following conditions on a subspace "A" of a Polish space are equivalent:
*"A" is analytic.
*"A" is empty or a continuous image of the Baire space ωω.
*"A" is aSuslin space , in other words "A" is the image of a Polish space under a continuous mapping.
*"A" is the continuous image of a Borel set in a Polish space.
*"A" is aSuslin set , the image of the Suslin operation.
*There is a Polish space Y and a Borel set Bsubseteq X imes Y such that A is the projection of B; that is,: A={xin X|(exists yin Y)langle x,y anglein B}.
*"A" is the projection of a closed set in "X" times the Baire space.
*"A" is the projection of a "G"δ set in "X" times the Cantor space.An alternative characterization, in the specific, important, case that X is Baire space, is that the analytic sets are precisely the projections of trees on omega imesomega. Similarly, the analytic subsets of Cantor space are precisely the projections of trees on 2 imesomega.
Properties
Analytic subsets of Polish spaces are closed under countable unions and intersections, continuous images, and inverse images. The complement of an analytic set need not be analytic. Suslin proved that if the complement of an analytic set is analytic then the set is Borel. (Conversely any Borel set is analytic and Borel sets are closed under complements.) Luzin proved more generally that any two disjoint analytic sets are separated by a Borel set: in other words there is a Borel set containing one and disjoint from the other. This is sometimes called the "Luzin separability principle" (though it was implicit in the proof of Suslin's theorem).
Analytic sets are always
Lebesgue measurable (indeed,universally measurable ) and have theproperty of Baire and theperfect set property .Projective hierarchy
Analytic sets are also called oldsymbol{Sigma}^1_1 (see
projective hierarchy ). Note that the bold font in this symbol is not the Wikipedia convention, but rather is used distinctively from its lightface counterpart Sigma^1_1 (seeanalytical hierarchy ). The complements of analytic sets are calledcoanalytic set s, and the set of coanalytic sets is denoted by oldsymbol{Pi}^1_1. The intersection oldsymbol{Delta}^1_1=oldsymbol{Sigma}^1_1cap oldsymbol{Pi}^1_1 is the set of Borel sets.References
*springer|id=A/a012410|first=A.G.|last= El'kin
*springer|id=l/l061080|title=Luzin separability principles|first=B.A.|last= Efimov
*
*citation|authorlink=N. N. Luzin|first= N.N. |last=Luzin|title=Sur la classification de M. Baire|journal= C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. I Math. |volume= 164 |year=1917|pages= 91–94
*N.N. Lusin, "Leçons sur les ensembles analytiques et leurs applications" , Gauthier-Villars (1930)
*citation | last=Moschovakis|first= Yiannis N. | title=Descriptive Set Theory | publisher=North Holland | year=1980 |id=ISBN 0-444-70199-0
* Martin, Donald A.: Measurable cardinals and analytic games. "Fundamenta Mathematicae" 66 (1969/1970), p. 287-291.
*citation|last=Souslin|first= M.|authorlink= Mikhail Yakovlevich Suslin|title=Sur une définition des ensembles mesurables B sans nombres transfinis |journal=Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris|volume= 164 |year=1917|pages=88-91
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