Metoidioplasty

Metoidioplasty, sometimes referred to as a meto or meta or spelled "metaoidioplasty", is an alternative to phalloplasty for trans men.^[1] With the effects of testosterone treatment, the clitoris enlarges, over time, to an average of 4–5 cm ^[2] (due to the clitoris and penis being developmentally homologous organs).

In a metoidioplasty the enlarged clitoral tissue is released from its position and moved forward to more closely approximate the position of a penis. Oklahoma physician Dr. William David Foerester was one of the first U.S. surgeons to perform this technique on trans men.^{[citation needed]}

Metoidioplasty is technically simpler than a phalloplasty, and has fewer complications. The surgery itself is also considerably shorter (2–3 hours vs. 8–10 hours overall) and it is much less expensive. Unlike a phalloplasty, an erectile prosthesis is not needed to achieve erection, although the erection is usually less hard compared to the penis of a cisgender man. Because metoidioplasty can not achieve penile dimensions comparable to a cisgender penis, the neopenis is usually not capable of penetrative sexual intercourse. Genital orgasm is almost always retained after surgery (unlike phalloplasty which carries significant risk of loss of erogenous sensation).

The operation

• After patient prep, the skin surrounding the enlarged clitoris is incised on the underside and the lateral crura, which suspend the tissue in place, are cut, freeing the clitoral tissue from the pubic bone.

• If the urethra is to be extended, the process starts now using mucosal tissues from either the vaginal area or from inside the mouth/cheeks. An experimental option is a graft from the intestines. The labia minora can be used to protect the graft, as well as provide greater girth. A catheter is placed in the extension to facilitate healing for two to three weeks.

• The neopenis is then provided with skin by cutting the labia minora and wrapping around the tissue and secured with stitches. A step usually done at the same time during metoidioplasty surgery, is scrotoplasty. Vaginectomy, hysterectomy‎ and/or oophorectomy can also be performed at this time if they have not been done already.

Complications and notes

In a study of post-operative men, 28% of patients who had the urethra extended had temporary swelling resulting in dribbling and spraying of urine, no medical intervention was needed. There was only a couple of percent chance of urethral strictures (narrowing of the urethra) and less than 10% had instance of a fistula (hole in the urethra) requiring minor revision. The average neophallic length after was 5.7 cm (with a range 4–10 cm). All patients reported ability to achieve an erection and normal sensation. In patients who had scrotoplasty, there was no reports of rejection or complications related to the testicular prostheses.

Alternate techniques

If a metoidioplasty is performed without extending the urethra and/or a scrotoplasty, this is sometimes called a clitoral release. This is less expensive than a complete metoidioplasty but does not allow for urination (through the new penis) while standing. However this also offers surgery with less risk because the urinary system remains unaltered without a urethral extension, and still affords some of the visual effects of a complete metoidioplasty along with the ability to have intercourse in a more traditional way. Vaginectomy is an option with this surgery.

See also

	Medicine portal
	Transgender portal

• Sexual reassignment surgery female-to-male
• List of transgender-related topics

Notes

1. ^ Metoidioplasty: a variant of phalloplasty in female transsexuals by S.V. Perovic and M.L. Djordjevic (BJU International, Volume 92 Issue 9, December 2003)
2. ^ Physical and hormonal evaluation of transsexual patients: A longitudinal study by Meyer W, et al. (Archives of Sexual Behavior, Volume 15, Number 2, April 1986)

• Metoidioplasty as a Single Stage Sex Reassignment Surgery in Female Transsexuals: Belgrade Experience by Miroslav L. Djordjevic, Dusan Stanojevic (Journal of Sexual Medicine, Volume 6 Issue 5, Oct 2008)
• Metaidoioplasty: An Alternative Phalloplasty Technique in Transsexuals by Hage, J. Joris (Journal of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Volume 97 Issue 1, January 1996)
• Gender Reassigment by Dan Greenwald and Wayne Stadelmann (eMedicine Journal, Volume 2 Number 7, July 6, 2001)