Climate regions of California

The climate regions of California, sometimes known as the Winkler Scale or the heat summation method, is a technique for classifying the climate of wine growing regions. In the system, geographical areas are divided into five climate regions based on temperature, known as Regions I–V. The system was developed at the University of California, Davis by A. J. Winkler and Maynard Amerine.

The system

The system is based on the hypothesis that grapevines do not grow if the temperature is below 50 °F (10 °C). Days in the growing region (assumed under the system to be April 1 through October 31 in the Northern Hemisphere; October 1 through April 30 in the Southern Hemisphere) are assigned degree days according to the amount that the day's average temperature exceeds this threshold; one degree day per degree Fahrenheit over 50 °F. In places where SI units are preferred, degrees Celsius over 10 °C may be used, but should be multiplied by 1.8 to convert to Fahrenheit degree days for the following list. All days in the locale are then added up, with the sum used to determine the region's classification as follows:

* 2,500 degree days or less: Region I
* 2,501–3,000 degree days: Region II
* 3,001–3,500 degree days: Region III
* 3,501–4,000 degree days: Region IV
* Greater than 4,000 degree days: Region V

The system is used officially in California, and other United States growing regions such as Oregon and Washington. It is less widely used elsewhere; however degree days can be computed for any location for which detailed climate data is available.

Application

Different varietals of grapes are generally considered to best thrive in certain climate regions. Region I, the coolest, is similar to Côte d'Or and Champagne, the Rhine, or the Willamette Valley in Oregon; it is well-suited to growing Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, or Riesling. Region II is similar to Bordeaux. Suitable varietals include the Region I wines, plus Merlot. Region III is similar to the Rhône, and is best suited to Sauvignon Blanc, Sémillon, or Zinfandel. Regions IV and V do not correspond to any growing region in France; the former is similar to Spain, and is well-suited to Port and Barbera. Region V is similar to North Africa, and is best suited to wines like Muscat (grape and wine) or varietals like Verdelho.

California has growing regions which lie in all five regions; from Napa and Sonoma in the north (which lie in regions I-III) to the San Joaquin Valley and points south, which lie in regions IV and V.

Limitations

The climate regions of California only describe one aspect of an area's climate--mean daily temperature. Many other important factors which contribute to a region's suitability for viticulture (and its terroir) are exluded; among them sun exposure, latitude, precipitation, soil conditions, the likeliness of extreme weather which might damage grapevines, and pollution. The climate regions are also macroscopic in nature; there is often a wide variety of microclimates in a given geographical area, and a region which has marginal grape-growing weather overall may have microclimates which produce excellent grapes. A notable example is the Willamette Valley (firmly within region I), which was long regarded as too cold and wet to grow grapes; yet has vineyards planted numerous south-facing hills in the rain shadow of the Coast range which produce world-class Pinot Noir and many other excellent wines.

More complex climate indices have been introduced to address perceived shortcomings in the Winkler scale.

References

* cite web
title=Climate regions of California
work=the wine lover's companion (online)
publisher=Epicurious
url=http://www.epicurious.com/drinking/wine_dictionary/entry?id=5931
* cite book
title=The Wine Lover's Companion
edition=2nd
author=Ron Herbst and Sharon Tyler Herbst
publisher=Barron's Educational Series
date=2003
isbn= ISBN 0-7641-2003-4
* cite book
author=Winkler AJ, Cook JA, Kliere WM and Lider LA
title=General Viticulture
edition=2nd
publisher=University of California Press
date=1974
isbn= ISBN 0-520-02591-1
* cite web
title=Ballarat's climate
work=Ballarat Wineries home page
publisher=Balalrat Wineries
url=http://www.ballaratwineries.com/climate.htm
* cite conference
author=Gladstones J.
year=2000
month=January
location=Melbourne, Australia
title=Past and Future Climatic Indices for Viticulture.
booktitle=5th International Symposium for Cool Climate Viticulture and Oenology