Deep democracy

Deep Democracy is a psycho-social-political paradigm and methodology. The term Deep Democracy was developed by Arny Mindell in 1988 and first appeared in "Leader as Martial Artist" (Mindell, 1992). Mindell, a physicist and Jungian Analyst had researched and written extensively on how awareness creates reality and how we perceive it on different levels, creating different frameworks of reality. An example for this is how we perceive time: the measurable reality of the seconds ticking in a clock, the dreamlike "subjective" perception of time as it passes during an encounter with a lover, and the sentient essence of timelessness as we catch the moment of a sunrise that goes beyond time as we know it and replaces, for a moment, the concept of future with hope. Mindell calls his paradigm Processwork, which formulates these principles and demonstrates how they can be used in psychotherapy in many of his books. In the late eighties he started to formulate them as a political principle that he called "Deep Democracy". Unlike "classical" democracy, which focuses on majority rule, Deep Democracy suggests that all voices, states of awareness, and frameworks of reality are important. Deep Democracy also suggests that the information carried within these voices, awarenesses, and frameworks are all needed to understand the complete process of the system. Deep Democracy is an attitude that focuses on the awareness of voices that are both central and marginal.

This type of awareness can be focused on groups, organizations, one's own inner experiences, people in conflict, etc. Allowing oneself to take seriously seemingly unimportant events and feelings can often bring unexpected solutions to both group and inner conflicts.

Although the term and the concepts of Deep Democracy are now being used by various groups in different ways they have a common denominator that Mindell describes so well: An experience of Deep Democracy as a process of flow in which all actors on the stage are needed to create the play that we are watching.

Numerous attempts to implement Deep Democracy are occurring simultaneously throughout the world. Just as conventional democracy strives to include all people in a political process, Deep Democracy furthers this by striving to foster a deeper level of dialogue and inclusivity that is open to including not only all people in the sense of the right to vote but is also open to allowing space for various and competing views, tensions, feelings, and styles of communication in a way that supports awareness of relative rank, power, and privilege and the ways in which these tend to marginalize various views, individuals, and groups.

"Deep Democracy is our sense that the world is here to help us to become our entire selves, and that we are here to help the world to become whole" (Mindell, 1992).

Roots of Democracy

"de•moc• ra•cy" (di mak’re se) n. [Gr demokratia < demos, the people + kratein, to rule < kratos, strength] 1. government in which the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected representatives 2. a country, state, etc. with such government 3. majority rule 4. the principle of equality of rights, opportunity, and treatment 5. the common people, esp. as the wielders of political power. (Webster's, 1983, p. 366)

"We have frequently printed the word Democracy, yet I cannot too often repeat that it is a word the real gist of which still sleeps, quite unawakened, notwithstanding the resonance and the many angry tempests out of which its syllables have come, from pen or tongue. It is a great word, whose history, I suppose, remains unwritten, because that history has yet to be enacted." -Walt Whitman, Democratic Vistas, 1871

Democracy—commonly defined as the free and equal right of every person to participate in a system of government, often practiced by electing representatives of the people—is generally said to have originated in Ancient Greece when the "demos" organized against their leaders’ abuse of power. But democracy is more than a body of laws and procedures related to the sharing of power. President Carter said that, “Democracy is like the experience of life itself—always changing, infinite in its variety, sometimes turbulent and all the more valuable for having been tested for adversity” (Carter, 1978). How is democracy like life? In what dimensions is it changing and turbulent?

One example of the dynamic turbulence of democracy in the United States is the evolution of freedom of the press and the practical application of the First Amendment rights to free speech. The first American newspaper, Publick Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestic (Massachusetts Historical Society, 2004), published its first and only issue in Boston on Thursday, September 25th, 1690. Publication was stopped by the governor of Boston who objected to the paper’s negative tone regarding British rule and by the local ministries who were offended by a report that the King of France had had an affair with his son’s wife (Virtual Museum of Printing, 2004).

Free Speech in the United States and its relationship to Deep Democracy

For social activists, free speech and the freedom of the press were key issues to fight for. Deep democracy however is a principle that tries to include all experiences. If you speak freely about a political opponent, and bring out your opinion, and marginalize the part in you that realizes that your opponent is also a person and has many dimensions, you have censored yourself and have not used a deeper freedom of speech. Free speech and the freedom of press are important, but without Deep Democracy, they can become an abusive and tyrannical force, that is not relating to the emotional and social realities and total experiences of the people they are reporting about.

Up until 1919 free speech and freedom of the press in the United States meant “little more than no prior restraint, that is, one could say what one wanted, but then could be prosecuted for it” (Holmes, 1919). There was no protection for the dissemination of ideas. In 1859 John Stuart Mill pointed out the risks involved in suppressing ideas in his essay, On Liberty:

But the peculiar evil of silencing the expression of an opinion is, that it is robbing the human race; posterity as well as the existing generation; those who dissent from the opinion, still more than those who hold it. If the opinion is right, they are deprived of the opportunity of exchanging error for truth: if wrong, they lose, what is almost as great a benefit, the clearer perception and livelier impression of truth, produced by its collision with error. (1859)

Despite Mill’s impassioned plea and the wide distribution of On Liberty—which had great impact on the public discourse of the its day as well as on the course of political philosophy since—the US maintained a very conservative view towards freedom of speech until 1919.

That view changed abruptly in 1919 when Supreme Court Judge Oliver Wendell Holmes entered a dissenting opinion in favor of a group of radical pamphleteers:

Jacob Abrams and others had been convicted of distributing pamphlets criticizing the Wilson administration for sending troops to Russia in the summer of 1918. Although the government could not prove that the pamphlets had actually hindered the operation of the military, an anti-radical lower court judge had found that they might have done so, and found Abrams and his co-defendants guilty. On appeal, seven members of the Supreme Court had used Holmes's "clear and present danger" test to sustain the conviction. But Holmes, joined by Louis D. Brandeis, dissented, and it is this dissent that is widely recognized as the starting point in modern judicial concern for free expression. (US Department of State, 1919)

Abrams’ publications seem almost benign by today’s standards: “Workers—Wake Up. . . . Woe unto those who will be in the way of progress. Let solidarity live. . . . German militarism combined with allied capitalism to crush the Russian revolution. . .” and spoke of working class enlightenment (US Department of State, 1919).

Justice Holmes ruled in their defense that:

It is only the present danger of immediate evil or an intent to bring it about that warrants Congress in setting a limit to the expression of opinion where private rights are not concerned. Congress certainly cannot forbid all effort to change the mind of the country. (Holmes, 1919)

In the discussion of free speech, we often marginalize the need for relationship between the parties. Public dialogue allows reaction to what is going on. Both parties, those who champion for free speech and those who champion for limitations in the interests of public safety, need to relate more to each other and learn to understand the visions and ideals that are behind those opinions. In a deeply democratic society, this is considered more sustainable then a seesaw process of forbidding and allowing the publication of certain texts.

In his ruling Justice Holmes supported the importance of public discourse and freedom of speech with these now widely quoted words: "The best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market" (Holmes, 1919). But, after more than twenty-five centuries of development in political philosophy, it is only within the last century that US and European thought has begun to support freedom of speech in a meaningful way. Holmes’s thinking didn’t account for structural forces that tend to repress various ideas in support of special interests.

Joseph Stiglitz, former Chairman of Council of Economic Advisers under President Clinton and former Chief Economist and Senior VP of the World Bank maintains:

Secrecy . . . undermines democracy. There can be democratic accountability only if those to whom these public institutions are supposed to be accountable are well informed about what they are doing—including what choices they confronted and how those decisions were made. (2003, p. 229)

Evolution of Deep Democracy

The most fundamental forum is your own heart. Both as a facilitator and as a human being, you must learn to hear yourself there. Arnold Mindell, "Sitting in the Fire", 1995

Deep Democracy threatens to press the envelope of political thinking even further. Deep democracy has many aspects, many of which relate to philosophical concepts derived from quantum physics. Deep Democracy at its deepest manifestation refers to an openness towards not only the views of other people and groups, but Deep Democracy also embraces an openness to emotions and personal experiences, which tend to get excluded from conflict and rational public discourse (Mindell, 1992). As R. Buckminster Fuller (1981) said, we need to support the intuitive wisdom and comprehensive informed-ness of each and every individual to ensure our continued fitness for survival as a species.

Deep Democracy has crossed over into many fields and has been picked up by many authors, some using it as defined by Mindell, some use only particular aspects of it, as it is often the case with crossovers. For example, speaking in a circle of women who gathered shortly after 9-11, Susan Collin Marks, of Search for Common Ground, the world’s largest international conflict NGO, said:

We need to accommodate the different groups and not have a win-lose [situation] where the winner takes all. In South Africa—having been under apartheid fifty years, and before that under all sorts of authoritarian rule, the British, the Dutch—when we came to our transition we asked ourselves, "What is democracy, what does it mean, what does it mean for us?" A group of people went around the country asking, "What do you think democracy is, and what are we going to call it, and what will our democracy look like?" They came up with the term "deep democracy." They said, "For us, this is about deep democracy, not just about surface democracy." (Peace X Peace, 2004)

She intuited a need for a system that is awareness based and not based on social power distribution only. If you follow the Black Economic Empowerment Movement in South Africa, this need for dialogue and bringing in different frames for references, discussing different values of what the core of our life is and how we feel about it each other is crucial. If we address the power issues and financial realities of the Middle Eastern conflict and create a political solution, it cannot be sustainable without addressing the Deep Democracy aspects, the feelings of hate and vengeance, the hope for a peaceful life together, and the despair of not having found the acceptance and love that you hoped for.

The idea of supporting a deeper dialogue has been around at least since Plato argued for the inclusion of women in public discourse. Athens needed the intelligence of all and couldn't afford not to accept women as thinkers and leaders. Even if Plato didn't expand his thinking enough to extend that acceptance to slaves, other races, and other than the upper classes of women, he planted a cultural seed that needed another twenty-five hundred years to sprout and is only now coming to fruition in culturally creative ways.

Daisaku Ikeda, a Japanese Buddhist scholar of peace and founder of Soka Gakkai International, maintains that "dialogue is the key to surmounting cultural and philosophical boundaries and forging the mutual trust and understanding necessary for lasting peace" (Galtung & Ikeda, 1995, p. viii). Ikeda views peace not as the absence of war, but as a condition wherein the dignity and fundamental rights of all people are respected.

There are many views on fundamental rights and public discourse takes many forms. Thousands of nongovernmental organizations exist to support discourse, consensus building, and the development of policy recommendations. When these efforts fail, the last avenue is civil protest: one of the greatest challenges and proving grounds for any democracy. Democracy, free expression, and the importance of participation are easily defended when everyone remains polite, is in agreement on basic issues, and conforms to certain generally unstated rules of communication and interaction. But protesters generally do not agree on basic issues (even amongst themselves), tend to disagree violently with the mainstream, and often feel that their voice is unheard and that high levels of impassioned communications and civil disobedience are needed and justified.

Governmental facilitation of protest is challenging because political and bureaucratic inertia prevents it from being open to change from the outside. Suppression of peaceful protest in the name of order invites repression while unrestrained protest invites anarchy. The challenge then is one of balance: to defend the right to freedom of speech and assembly while maintaining public order and countering attempts at intimidation or violence.

This is a difficult balance to maintain. Ultimately, it depends on the commitment of those in power to maintaining the institutions of democracy and the precepts of individual rights as well as the commitment of the mainstream to support these efforts and the commitment of the marginalized groups to self-limit their forms of protest. A US government publication called "What is Democracy" maintains that, “Democratic societies are capable of enduring the most bitter disagreement among its citizens—except for disagreement about the legitimacy of democracy itself” (US Department of State, 2004). The symbiotic connection between democracy and human development is an aspect of Deep Democracy.

One of the primary concerns of Deep Democracy is the use, maintenance, and awareness of metaskills ( [Amy Mindell (1994/2001), Arnold Mindell, 1992, p. 49). The concept of openness to diversity and dialogue between various views doesn’t mean that the facilitator is a pushover—that is only one metaskill (although it often reflects a lack of awareness). Facilitators must also at times practice, embody, and express other metaskills such as toughness, anger, intractability, love, detachment, concern for the well being of the others, and a genuine desire to achieve consensus. Some of the metaskills in that list are organic responses. However, when a facilitator uses her internal organic responses to better inform her intervention, that is a metaskill. This is the reason why the human development—the internal psychological and spiritual growth and inner peace—of the facilitator is so important.

Deep Democracy involves not only openness to other individuals, groups, and diverse views but an openness to experience; which includes feelings, dreams, body symptoms, altered states of consciousness, synchronicities, and an awareness of signals, roles, and the structural dynamics of the interactions between the parties involved.

Repression and exploitation are the two most basic modern forms of structural violence; cardiovascular diseases and cancer are the two basic somatic conditions brought on by modernization. Repression and cardiovascular diseases are similar in that both impede circulation. Exploitation and cancer resemble each other in that a part of the social or human organism lives at the expense of the rest. Peace research and health research are metaphors for each other; each can learn from the other. Similarly, both peace theory and medical science emphasize the role of consciousness and mobilization in healing. (Galtung & Ikeda, 1995, p. 38-9)

The relationship between somatic experience, altered states of consciousness, and conflict may not be only metaphorical. Ikeda says that Buddhism (and other spiritual traditions) “transcends the dimension on which all phenomena are perceived as interrelated and reveals the dynamism of the universal life on which all interrelations depend” (Galtung & Ikeda, 1995, p. 84). Similarly, Process Oriented Psychology (also known as Process Work) and its Worldwork theories and practice use experiential phenomena to reveal the deeper underlying universal dynamic and its interrelations on a practical level

References

* Arye, L., Ph.D., & Audergon, A., Ph.D. (2005). Transforming Conflict into Community: Post-war Reconciliation in Croatia. Psychotherapy and Politics International, 3(2). [http://www.globalprocessinstitute.org/Articles/Transforming_Conflict_into_Community__Croatia.pdf pdf]
* Audergon, A. (2004) The War Hotel. London: Whurr Publishers.
* Audergon, A. Ph.D. (2004). Collective Trauma: The Nightmare of History. Psychotherapy and Politics International, 2(1), 16-31. [http://www.globalprocessinstitute.org/Articles/Collective%20Trauma%20PPI_Audergon.pdf pdf]
* Audergon, A., Ph.D. (2005). Psychological Dynamics in Violent Conflict: Presentation to Ministry for Peace Meeting, January 18, 2005. Grand Committee Room, House of Commons, London. Retrieved 12 Aug 2005, Ministry for Peace [http://www.globalprocessinstitute.org/Articles/Arlene%20Audergon%20ministry%20for%20peace.pdf pdf]
* Carter, P. (1978). Speech to Parliament of India. Retrieved 3 Oct, 2004,Jimmy Carter Library from http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.org/documents/
* Collin Marks, S. (2000) Watching the Wind: Conflict Resolution During South Africa's Transition to Democracy. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace
* Diamond, J. Jones, L. (2005) A Path Made by Walking. Portland, OR: Lao Tse Press.
* Fuller, R. B. (1981). Critical Path. NYC: St. Martin's Press.
* Galtung, J., & Ikeda, D. (1995). Choose Peace: A Dialogue Between Johan Galtung & Daisaku Ikeda. Sterling, VA: Pluto Press.
* Goodbread, J. (1997) Dreambody Toolkit. Portland, OR: Lao Tse Press.
* Greene, J. (1999)Deep Democracy. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.; Community, Diversity, and Transformation edition
* Holmes, O. W. (1919). Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616, 630 (1919). Retrieved 3 Oct, 2004,US Department of State from US Department of State, http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/43.htm
* Massachusetts Historical Society. (2004, 25 Sep, 1690). Publick Occurrences: Both Foreign and Domestick from http://www.masshist.org/database/enlarge.cfm?

* Mill, J. S. (1859). On Liberty. NY: Norton.
* Mindell, Amy (1994/2001) Metaskills: the spiritual art of therapy. New Falcon/Lao Tse Press.
* Mindell, A. (1992). The Leader as Martial Artist: An Introduction to Deep Democracy (1st ed.). San Francisco: Harper San Francisco.
* Mindell, A. (1995). Sitting in the Fire: Large Group Transformation using Conflict and Diversity (1st ed.). Portland, Or.: Lao Tse Press.
* Mindell, A. (2002). The Deep Democracy of Open Forums. Charlottesville, VA: Hampton Roads.
* Peace X Peace. (2004). Retrieved 14 Oct, 2004 from http://www.peacexpeace.org/originalcircle.htm
* Rumi, J. (1995). The Essential Rumi (C. Barks, With, J. Moyne, A. J. Arberry & R. Nicholson, Trans.). San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco.
* Siver, S. (2004). [http://www.stanfordsiver.net/pdf/ShadowsofPeaceNATO.pdf Shadows of Peace] . Paper presented at the Russian Academy of Science Conference on Conflictology sponsored by NATO, April 2004, St Petersburg, Russia.
* Siver, S. (20006). [http://www.stanfordsiver.net/pdf/PW_Facilitation_Conflict.pdf Process Work and the Facilitation of Conflict.] Cincinnati, Union Institute & University. PhD Psychology of Conflict: 420.
* Stiglitz, J. E. (2003). Globalization and Its Discontents. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc.
* Toms, M. (2002) A Time for Choices: Deep Dialogues for Deep Democracy. New Society Publishers.
* US Department of State. (1919). Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616, 630 (1919). Retrieved 3 Oct, 2004,US Department of State from http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/43.htm
* US Department of State. (2004). What is Democracy? Retrieved 21 Sep, 2004,US Department of State from http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/whatsdem/whatdm8.htm
* Virtual Museum of Printing. (2004). Retrieved 5 Oct, 2004,Virtual Museum of Printing from http://www.imultimedia.pt/museuvirtpress/ing/hist/1700/1700.html
* Webster's (Ed.). (1983). Webster's New Twentieth Century Dictionary (2nd ed.). NYC: Simon and Schuster.

ee also

*Arnold Mindell
*Deep Democracy Institute
*Process Work
*Worldwork

External links

For further information on Deep Democracy see:

* http://www.deepdemocracyinstitute.org/
* http://www.deepdemocracymovement.net/
* http://www.globalprocessinstitute.org/
* http://www.processwork.org/
* http://www.aamindell.net/
* http://www.maxfxx.net/
* http://www.deep-democracy.net