Rudolf Weigl

Professor Rudolf Stefan Weigl (1883 - 1957) was a famous Polish biologist and inventor of the first effective vaccine for epidemic typhus. Of German ethnic descent, he was born in Přerov, Moravia, and graduated in 1907 from the University of Lviv with a degree in Natural Sciences.

He founded the Weigl Institute in Lviv (now in Ukraine, but then in Poland), where he did his vaccine-producing research. At the same time, he employed and protected Polish intellectuals, Jews and members of the Polish underground during the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany occupations in World War II, until the Institute was shut down when the Soviet Union returned in 1944 [http://www.humboldt.edu/~rescuers/book/Makuch/halina/HStory1.html] .

The Weigl Institute features prominently in Andrzej Żuławski's 1971 film "The Third Part of the Night".

Method of Vaccine Production

In 1930, following on the 1909 discovery of Charles Nicolle that lice were the vector of epidemic typhus and on the work for the vaccine for the closely related Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Weigl took the next step and developed a technique to produce the vaccine by growing infected lice and crushing them into a vaccine paste. He refined this technique over the years until 1933 when he performed large-scale testing. The method specifically broke into 4 major steps:
* Growing healthy lice, for about 12 days
* Injecting them with typhus
* Growing them more, for 5 more days
* Extracting the midguts and grinding them up into a paste (which was the vaccine)

Growing lice meant feeding them blood, the more human the better. At first he tested his method on Guinea pigs but around 1933 he commenced large-scale testing on humans, feeding the lice on human blood by letting them suck on human legs through a screen. This could cause typhus during the latter phase, when the lice were infected. He alleviated this problem by vaccinating the human "injectors" heavily, which successfully protected them from death (though some did develop the disease). [http://www.lwow.home.pl/Weigl.html] Dr. Weigl himself developed the disease, but recovered.

The first major application of this vaccine was between 1936 and 1943 by Belgian missionaries in China.

This vaccine was dangerous to produce and was hard to make on a large scale. Other vaccines were developed over time that were less dangerous and more economical to produce, including the Cox vaccine developed from egg yolk.

External links

* [http://www.lwow.home.pl/Weigl/human.html Biography of Weigl (1967)] by Stefan Kryński
* [http://lwow.home.pl/rudolf-weigl-uk.html Page with many Weigl links and pictures]
* [http://www.lwow.home.pl/Weigl.html Overview of the experiment--"Maintenance of human-fed live lice in the laboratory and production of Weigl's exanthematous typhus vaccine" (1999)] by Wacław Szybalski
* [http://www.lwow.home.pl/Weigl/krynski/teoria.html "Ann. Acad. Med. Gedan.", 1974, 4, 19-51] by Stefan Krynski, Eugeniusz Becla, and Marian Machel
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=9608839 Bibliography of typhus and Weigl history articles from PubMed]
* [http://www.nobel.se/medicine/nomination/nomination.php?action=advsearch&key1=candname&log1=LIKE&string1=Weigl&log10=OR&key2=candname&log2=LIKE&string2=&log11=OR&key3=candname&log3=LIKE&string3=&startyear=&endyear=&order1=year&order2=nomname&order3=cand1name&submit2.x=0&submit2.y=0 Nominations for the Nobel Prize between 1930-1939]
* [http://www.forum-znak.org.pl/index-en.php?t=wydarzenia&id=813 News article about receipt of "Righteous Among the Nations of the World" medal for helping Jews during WWII]
* [http://www.humboldt.edu/~rescuers/book/Makuch/halina/HStory1.html Recollections of Halina Szymanska Ogrodzinska, reporting the underground activities of the Weigl Institute]
* [http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgaanl/galleryFive.htm Pictures of the Weigl Institute and a little history]
* [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/93/20/10539.pdf "How Charles Nicolle of the Pasteur Institute discovered that epidemic typhus is transmitted by lice: reminiscences from my years at the Pasteur Institute in Paris"] by Ludwik Gross, August 6, 1996