Battle of Barnet

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Battle of Barnet
partof=the Wars of the Roses


caption=Cavalry during the battle
date=April 14, 1471
place=Near Barnet, England
result=Yorkist victory
combatant1=
combatant2=
commander1=Edward IV of England
commander2=Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick†,
strength1=9,000
strength2=12,000
casualties1=Approx. 500
casualties2=Approx. 1,000The Battle of Barnet, which took place 14 April 1471, was a decisive battle of the Wars of the Roses, near the town of Barnet, at the time ten miles north of London, now a suburb of North London.

Background

The main protagonists were King Edward IV of England and Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, former friends and allies who had fallen out as a result of Edward's tendency to favour the relatives of his queen, Elizabeth Woodville. In October of the previous year, Richard Neville, "the Kingmaker," had driven Edward out of the country, restoring his Lancastrian predecessor, King Henry VI of England, to the throne. Warwick then made the mistake of agreeing to assist King Louis XI of France in his conflict with the Duke of Burgundy. This prompted the Burgundians to offer military aid to Edward, who returned to England on 14 March 1471. The two armies were evenly matched in numbers, but Warwick was expecting support from his son-in-law, George, Duke of Clarence, who happened to be Edward's brother and hurried to make his peace with the latter.

Edward marched to London while Warwick remained in Coventry where he had been raising troops. Having taken back his capital, Edward then moved to meet Warwick at Barnet.

The Death of the Earl of Warwick

On the Lancastrian side, the Earl of Oxford commanded the right flank, the Marquess of Montagu the centre, and the Duke of Exeter the left. These were arrayed offset from the road to Barnet, with the left flank on the road. The Earl of Warwick was with the reserves.

The Yorkists were set up centred on the road to London, with Edward commanding the centre, his brother Richard (later Richard III) on the right, and Lord Hastings the left.

According to the author of the "Historie of the Arrivall of King Edward IV", Edward deployed his men close to the Lancastrians during the night, which meant that Warwick's artillery, keeping up a bombardment during the night, continuously overshot the Yorkist army.

Despite thick fog, Oxford's troops attacked first and, helped by their initial flanking position, made an early impact on the Yorkist left under Hastings. However, this was compensated for by the foggy conditions which made it difficult for Warwick and Exeter to push home their advantage. The two sides ended up shifting anticlockwise so that the battle lines were parallel to the highway rather than at right angles to it. Edward himself was in the thick of the fighting in the centre.Oxford's troops, returning from their victorious pursuit of Hastings' men, therefore arrived on the right flank of their own allies and were mistaken for Yorkists in the ensuing confusion, possibly aided by the similarities between Oxford's banner (a streaming star) and Edward's own banner (a sun in splendour). Finding their supposed allies now fighting against them, suspicion of treachery led to panic and morale began to crumble on this flank. As the mist cleared Edward committed his reserves into the fray and the Duke of Exeter went down badly wounded, to be captured later. Warwick, unable to rally his wavering army, recognised defeat and fled, but was cut down while trying to reach his horse, having ordered all horses to the rear to lift the morale of his troops by proving that he did not intend to flee. His younger brother, the Marquess of Montagu, was also killed, possibly by some of Oxford's troops when the cry of treachery went up.

The same day as the battle Queen Margaret landed at Weymouth and began gathering troops from Wales and the Welsh Marches. Had she been able to join forces with Warwick matters might have ended very differently. Instead, Edward's victory enabled him to consolidate and prepare himself for the final confrontation against the Lancastrian royal family - the Battle of Tewkesbury.

Casualties

About 1,500 men in total were killed during this Battle, which lasted between 3 and 4 hours - approximately 1,000 or more Lancastrians and not more than 500 Yorkists were killed. More were killed in the immediate pursuit across ground still called "Dead Man's Bottom". Exeter was reported dead, but did in fact survive the Battle. [Seymour, p. 160. ]

References

Footnotes

=Sources=
*Seymour, William. "Battles in Britain and their Political Background, 1066 - 1746". Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Limited, 1997 - 1999. ISBN 1 85326 672 8.
* [http://www.hillsdale.edu/personal/stewart/war/Ren/1471-Barnet.htm Barnet - A contemporary account] .
* [http://www.r3.org/bookcase/arrival3.html The Arrival of Edward IV]

External links

* Clark, David. [http://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/?product_id=1274 "Barnet -1471"] , Pen and Sword Books Ltd, Barnsley, 2006, ISBN 1844152367