- Fetal hemoglobin
Fetal hemoglobin, or "Foetal haemoglobin" in British English, (also hemoglobin F or HbF) is the main
oxygen transport protein in thefetus during the last seven months of development in theuterus and in the newborn until roughly 6 months old. Functionally, fetal hemoglobin differs most from adult hemoglobin in that it is able to bind oxygen with greater affinity than the adult form, giving the developing fetus better access to oxygen from the mother'sbloodstream .In newborns, fetal hemoglobin is nearly completely replaced by adult hemoglobin by approximately the twelfth week of postnatal life. In adults, fetal hemoglobin production can be reactivated pharmacologically, which is useful in the treatment of such diseases as
sickle-cell disease .Overview
Oxygenated blood is delivered to the fetus via the
umbilical vein from theplacenta , which is anchored to the wall of the mother'suterus . As blood courses through the mother, oxygen is delivered to capillary beds forgas exchange , and by the time blood reaches the capillaries of the placenta, its oxygen saturation has decreased considerably. In order to recover enough oxygen to sustain itself, the fetus must be able to bind oxygen with a greater affinity than the mother.Fetal hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen is substantially greater than that of adult hemoglobin. Notably, the P50 value for fetal hemoglobin (i.e., the
partial pressure of oxygen at which the protein is 50% saturated; lower values indicate greater affinity) is roughly 19mmHg , whereas adult hemoglobin has a value of approximately 26.8 mmHg. As a result, the so-called "oxygen saturation curve", which plots percent saturation "vs." pO2, is left-shifted for fetal hemoglobin in comparison to the same curve in adult hemoglobin.This greater affinity for oxygen is explained by fetal hemoglobin's interaction with
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG or 2,3-DPG). In adultred blood cell s, this substance decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. It is also present in fetal red blood cells, but does not interact with fetal hemoglobin, leaving its affinity for oxygen unchanged. Adult hemoglobin alone actually has a higher affinity for oxygen than its fetal equivalent, but the levels of 2,3-BPG reduce it.For mothers to deliver oxygen to a fetus, it is necessary for the fetal hemoglobin to extract oxygen from the maternal oxygenated hemoglobin across the placenta. This requires the fetal hemoglobin to have a higher oxygen affinity than that of the maternal carrier. This is achieved by a fetal hemoglobin subunit γ (gamma), instead of the b (beta) subunit. The γ subunit has less positive charges than the adult hemoglobin b subunit. This means that 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) is less electrostaticly bound to fetal hemoglobin as compared to adult hemoglobin. This means that 2,3-BPG is less effective in lowering the oxygen affinity of the fetal hemoglobin. This lowered affinity allows for adult hemoglobin (the maternal hemoglobin of the mother) to readily transfer its oxygen to the fetal hemoglobin.
Distribution
After the first 10 to 12 weeks of development, the fetus' primary form of hemoglobin switches from
embryonic hemoglobin to fetal hemoglobin. At birth, fetal hemoglobin comprises 50-95% of the child's hemoglobin. These levels decline after six months as adult hemoglobin synthesis is activated while fetal hemoglobin synthesis is deactivated. Soon after, adult hemoglobin (hemoglobin A in particular) takes over as the predominant form of hemoglobin in normal children.Certain genetic abnormalities can cause the switch to adult hemoglobin synthesis to fail, resulting in a condition known ashereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH).Structure and genetics
Most types of normal hemoglobin, including
hemoglobin A ,hemoglobin A2 , and hemoglobin F, aretetramer s composed of fourprotein subunit s and fourheme prosthetic group s. Whereas adult hemoglobin is composed of two alpha and two beta subunits, fetal hemoglobin is composed of two alpha and two gamma subunits, commonly denoted as α2γ2. Because of its presence in fetal hemoglobin, the gamma subunit is commonly called the "fetal" hemoglobin subunit.In humans, each chromosome 11 contains two similar copies of the
gene that encodes the gamma subunit, γG (glycine as residue 136) and γA (alanine as residue 136). (The beta subunit is also on Chromosome 11) The gene that codes for the alpha subunit is located on chromosome 16 and is also present in duplicate.Treatment of sickle cell anemia
When fetal hemoglobin production is switched off after birth, normal children begin producing adult hemoglobin (HbA.) But children with
sickle-cell disease instead begin producing a defective form of hemoglobin calledhemoglobin S . This variety of hemoglobin aggregates, forming filaments and so causesred blood cell s to change their shape from round tosickle -shaped, which have a greater tendency to stack on top of one another and crowdblood vessel s. These invariably lead to so-called "painful vaso-occlusive episodes", which are a hallmark of the disease.If fetal hemoglobin remains the predominant form of hemoglobin after birth, however, the number of painful episodes decreases in patients with sickle cell anemia.
Hydroxyurea , used also as an anti-cancer drug, is a viable treatment for sickle cell anemia, as it promotes the production of fetal hemoglobin while inhibiting sickling due to hemoglobin Spolymerization .Combination therapy with hydroxyurea and recombinant
erythropoietin —rather than treatment with hydroxyurea alone—has been shown to further elevate hemoglobin F levels and to promote the development of HbF-containingF-cell s [http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/328/2/73] .References
* [http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/hbsynthesis.html Hemoglobin synthesis]
* [http://ntri.tamuk.edu/homepage-ntri/lectures/protein/hemoglobin/hempage.html Hemoglobin structure and function]
* [http://www.fha.state.md.us/genetics/html/hemo_f.html Hemoglobin F fact sheet]
* [http://www.isat.jmu.edu/users/klevicca/isat454/FetalHb.doc Fetal hemoglobin] [doc]
* [http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/hyguid.html Hydroxyurea in sickle-cell disease]
* [http://www.scinfo.org/nihnewchap26.htm Management of sickle-cell disease]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7715639 Effect of hydroxyurea on the frequency of painful crises in sickle cell anemia] (original 1995 study)External links
* [http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/hemoglobinopathy.html Hemoglobinopathies]
* [http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/transport.html Transport across the placenta]
* [http://www.ascaa.org/ftreat.htm American Sickle Cell Anemia Association]
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