Bakhmetevsky Bus Garage

Bakhmetevsky Bus Garage was a public bus garage in Moscow, designed in 1926 by Konstantin Melnikov (floorplan concept and architectural design) and Vladimir Shukhov (structural engineering). The building, completed in 1927, was an example of applying avant-garde architectural methodes to an industrial facility. Neglected for decades and nearly condemned to demolition, it was restored in 2007–2008 and reopened in September 2008 as a gallery of modern art.cite web
url = http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080916/en_afp/entertainmentrussiaartculture
title = Abramovich's girlfriend opens major Moscow art gallery
accessdate = 2008-09-21
last = Osipovich
first = Alexander
date = 2008-09-16
publisher = Yahoo news / AFP
language = English]

Original design

In 1925, Melnikov travelled to Paris, supervising construction of his Soviet Pavilion at the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes. There, he received private commissions for garage buildings integrated with bridges over Seine river. These drafts never got beyond concept stage, however, Melnikov found an economical layout that enabled parking large number of cars without ever using reverse gear.

Back in Moscow, Melnikov saw a new fleet of Leyland buses tucked into a narrow yard in Bolshaya Ordynka Street. He approached city transportation board and quickly sold his idea for a free-flow garage. It was built on a large lot in Bakhmetevskaya Street, 11 (then a working class suburb north from Garden Ring; later, the street was renamed Obraztsova Street). Roof structure was designed by Vladimir Shukhov; next year, Melnikov and Shukhov worked together on another building, a horseshoe-shaped Novo-Ryazanskaya Street Truck Garage. Bakhmetevsky garage housed 104 buses on an area of 8500 square meters.

Bakhmetevsky Garage, sometimes associated with constructivist architecture, was in fact styled in an indefinite red-brick industrial livery; circular windows in the attic are the only avant-garde features (and even these were destroyed decades ago). What makes it stand out as an avant-garde landmark is its unorthodox, parallelogram-shaped floorplan and the subsequent influence on later industrial designs.

Later development

The whole project was more than just a garage. Melnikov also designed workshops and office buildings on the same lot, filling the irregular voids made by placing a parallelogram-shaped garage on a larger, rectangular lot. His original, unpublished 1927 master plan was found in 1999, in preparation to Melnikov memorial exhibition, and served as a base for 2003 redevelopment plan. However, in 1928 Melnikov changed this plan, and, after completing the office building himself, passed construction management to Andrey Kurochkin.

Preservation attempts

In 1990, the aging Garage was listed as an architectural memorial. In 2001, bus company vacated the building and the City Hall donated it to Moscow Hasidic Jewish Community Center for redevelopment, on condition that the Community Center builds a public school on the same lot and returns it to the City. Community Center approached architect Alexey Vorontsov to design the whole project. Before the drafts were completed, in 2001, the builders removed the roofing and began disassembly of Shukhov's roof trusses, destroying eight spans. Public intervention suspended further destruction; Vorontsov persuaded the client to hire a professional restoration bureau to assess the extent and cost of preservation. Eventually, in 2003 Community Center and the authorities agreed upon a compromise development plan by Vorontsov that would retain original exterior walls. The public school however was to be completed on next to Melnikov's garage, leaving the Jewish Community with an opportunity to build another cultural institution incorporating the facade of Melnikov's 1928 building.

After years of neglect work accelerated in second half of 2007. The garage was fully restored externally in the first half of 2008, complete with 1920-s style lettering on the eastern (entrance) facade; interior work was completed by September 2008. The building was reopened to the public in September as the "Garage center of modern art" (abbreviated in Russian as "CCC"), featuring an exhibition of Ilya and Emilia Kabakov. New gallery provides 8,500 square meters of exhibition space. The Center is managed by Daria Zhukova; speed and expense of 2007–2008 restoration project is credited to sponsorship by Roman Abramovich, who chairs the Board of Trustees for the Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia.cite web |url=http://entertainment.ru.msn.com/article.aspx?cp-documentid=9617170 |title=Baknmetevsky Garazh priutit novy muzei (Бахметьевский гараж приютит новый музей) |accessdate=2008-09-21 |date=2008-09-16 |publisher=MSN Entertainment News |language=Russian ]

On the day of inauguration of the art gallery Alexander Boroda, president of the Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia, announced its plans to convert the Garage into a "Jewish Museum of Tolerance" that is due to open in 2011. The Museum will share space with the art gallery.

References

ee also

* Novo-Ryazanskaya Street Garage
* Konstantin Melnikov
* Vladimir Shukhov

External links

*
* [http://www.maps-moscow.com/index.php?chapter_id=178&data_id=27&do=view_single Bakhmetevsky Bus Garage]
* [http://cih.ru/3d/m9.html 3d model of Bakhmetevsky Bus Garage]
* [http://archvestnik.ru/new/files/2045%20vorontz-meln%2034-43.pdf Russian: Redevelopment plan in detail, 2003, PDF format]