Profiles in Courage

"Profiles in Courage" is a 1955 Pulitzer Prize-winning book by John F. Kennedy, describing acts of bravery and integrity by eight United States Senators from throughout the Senate's history. The profiled senators crossed party lines and/or defied the public opinion of their constituents to do what they felt was right and suffered severe criticism and losses in popularity because of their actions. The book was widely celebrated and became a best seller, but there have been allegations that most of it was the work of his speechwriter, Theodore Sorenson.

History and background

Kennedy was a senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until he was elected president in 1960. With help from research assistants and the Library of Congress, Kennedy wrote the book at his bedside during 1954 and 1955 while on leave from the Senate to recover from surgery to treat his troublesome back. There has been speculation that Kennedy used a ghost-writer - at least in part - to write his book. [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/20/books/review/020QUEENA.html?_r=1&oref=slogin]

List of senators profiled

* John Quincy Adams a Senator (1803-1808) (later congressman) from Massachusetts, for breaking away from the Federalist Party.
* Daniel Webster also from Massachusetts, for speaking in favor of the Compromise of 1850.
* Thomas Hart Benton from Missouri, for staying in the Democratic Party despite his opposition to the extension of slavery in the territories.
* Sam Houston from Texas, for speaking against the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Sam Houston was also profiled for opposing Texas' secession from the Union. For refusing to support the secession of Texas, Houston was deposed from the office of Governor.
* Edmund G. Ross from Kansas, for voting for acquittal in the Andrew Johnson impeachment trial. As a result of Ross's vote, along with those of six other Republicans, Johnson's presidency was saved, and the stature of the office was preserved.
* Lucius Lamar from Mississippi, for eulogizing Charles Sumner on the Senate Floor and other efforts to mend ties between the North and South during Reconstruction, and for his principled opposition to the Bland-Allison Act to permit free coinage of silver.
* George Norris from Nebraska, for opposing Joseph Gurney Cannon's autocratic power as Speaker of the House, for speaking out against arming U.S. merchant ships during the United States' neutral period in World War I, and for supporting the Presidential Campaign of Democrat Al Smith.
* Robert A. Taft from Ohio, for criticizing the Nuremberg Trials for trying Nazi war criminals under what Taft considered ex post facto laws.

Reception

After its release on January 1, 1956, "Profiles in Courage" was widely acclaimed and helped Kennedy earn national recognition. The book won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography in 1957 and remains one of the definitive books written on both political courage and the U.S. Senate.

"Profiles in Courage" was made into a television series that aired on the NBC network during the 1964-1965 television season. [http://www.tv.com/profiles-in-courage/show/3531/summary.html]

Authorship controversy

Questions have been raised about how much of the book was actually written by Kennedy and how much by his research assistants. In 1957, newspaper columnist Drew Pearson appeared on ABC News' "The Mike Wallace Show " and claimed that the book had been ghostwritten and later named Kennedy’s "research associate" Theodore C. Sorensen as the ghost writer. Both Kennedy and Sorensen denied this claim. ABC News, under pressure from Kennedy and his lawyer Clark Clifford Fact|date=February 2007, retracted the story. However years later historian Herbert Parmet analyzed the text of "Profiles in Courage" and wrote in his book "The Struggles of John F. Kennedy" that although Kennedy did oversee the production and provided for the direction and message of the book, it was clearly Sorensen who provided most of the work that went into the end product.

In May 2008, Sorensen in his autobiography, "Counselor", largely confirmed allegations that he had done much, if not most, of the writing. Sorensen wrote that he "did a first draft of most chapters," "helped choose the words of many of its sentences," and "privately boasted or indirectly hinted that [he] had written much of the book." Sorensen claimed that in May 1957, Kennedy "unexpectedly and generously offered, and I happily accepted, a sum" for his work on the book. The sum Kennedy paid to Sorensen exceeded half the book's royalties from its first five years of sales and led Sorensen to inform Kennedy that he was disinclined to push for recognition of his participation. [http://online.wsj.com/public/article_print/SB121029817046479539.htm]

See also

* "Why England Slept" (published version of Kennedy's bachelor's thesis)
* Profile in Courage Award

External links

* [http://www.straightdope.com/columns/031107.html Did John F. Kennedy really write "Profiles in Courage?"] (from The Straight Dope)
* [http://www.mansionbooks.com/BookDetail.php?bk=209 Photos of the first edition of Profiles In Courage]

ources

* [http://www.bookrags.com/Profiles_in_Courage Profiles in Courage Summary, Analysis and Discussion] Study guide providing background, history, major characters, chapter summary, and other information on the work. Used for the history section listed above.