Horia Sima

Horia Sima (July 3, 1907—May 25, 1993) was a Romanian fascist politician. After 1938, he was the second and last leader of the fascist and antisemitic para-military movement known as the Iron Guard.

In Romania

Sima was born near Făgăraş, in Transylvania (part of Austria-Hungary at the time). Between 1926 and 1932, Horia Sima was a student at the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy of the University of Bucharest. After this, he started to work as a local high-school teacher of logic and philosophy. In October 1927 he entered the newly-formed Iron Guard and became responsible for the Banat area.

Sima became commander of the Legion after the founder and leader of the Iron Guard, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, was imprisoned. Tension built up following a series of assassinations of Iron Guard members, including Codreanu (who was killed in prison), in late November 1938. In early 1939, Sima was able to flee to Germany trough Yugoslavia. In the summer of the same year, he was sent back in order to prepare and conduct the assassination of the Romanian Prime-Minister, Armand Călinescu, on September 21 1939. On July 4, 1940, he joined the cabinet of Ion Gigurtu as Minister of Religion and Arts, alongside two other Iron Guard members, but resigned four days later.

In September 1940, King Carol II abdicated and the Iron Guard entered a tense alliance with the general Ion Antonescu (the "National Legionary State"). At that point Sima was able to return from exile as vice-premier in the government and Commander of the Legionary nazist and para-military movement. The Romanian territorial cessions in the summer of 1940, secretly instrumented by his Nazi protectors, offered him the pretext for sparking a huge wave of xenophobic and antisemitic attitudes, based on Romanians' frustrations. As a member of the government, Sima initiated a series of brutal pogroms, assassinations and de-possessions among Jews and competing politicians.

In January 1941, during the Legionnaires Rebellion, Antonescu made Adolf Hitler choose between the military wing of the Romanian government and the Iron Guard. When Hitler decided to back him over the Guard, Antonescu proceeded to the suppression of the Legion from the government.

Exile

With the tacit agreement from Antonescu due to Hitler's influence, Sima was able to leave Romania for Germany, where he was imprisoned in a special, humane, section of the Buchenwald concentration camp, one meant for Iron Guard members. Meanwhile, Romanian authorities sentenced him to death "in absentia", in order to ensure his permanent exile. In 1942, once again he was able to escape and flee to Italy, but was soon extradited back to Germany on the orders of Galeazzo Ciano.

While interned, Sima was faced with the dissent of several groups of Legionnaires. These distanced themselves from Sima's policies, stating that they did not approve of the way in which he had run the country and the movement, and were starting to appeal to the German supervisors for distinctions to be made in their case. It was to be the beginning of a split which is still present in the political legacy of the Iron Guard.

When Romania changed sides in World War II, joining the Allies in August 1944, Sima was released and he ended up building a pro-Nazi puppet government in exile, in Vienna. As the Soviet offensive proved unstoppable, he fled to Alt-Aussee under the alias "Josef Weber". Living in Paris, in Italy, and finally in Francoist Spain, he was yet again sentenced to death in Romania in 1946. At the same time, his activities in Germany and Romania got him the attention of the Kriminalpolizei.

During his time in exile, Sima attempted to form connections with the mainstream ideologies of Anti-Communism, insisting on the Guard's allegiance to the Free World. The party oriented itself towards denunciations of the realities inside Communist Romania, but never achieved status as an important voice in the Romanian diaspora.

He died in Madrid and was buried alongside his wife Elvira Sima in Torredembarra (near Barcelona).

Works

* "Europe at the crossroads: war or capitulation?" Munich Verlag "Vestitori" 1955 ( [http://miscarea.com/horia-sima-english.htm view here] )
* "The Rumanian situation after 19 years of Communist slavery and policies of the western powers, 1944-1963; a declaration by the Rumanian Legionary Movement" Rio de Janeiro? 1963?
* " [http://miscarea.com/horia-sima-english1.htm Hunger In Romania] " 1964
* "Articole politice, 1950-1963" 1967.
* "XLth anniversary of the foundation of the Rumanian legionary movement, 1927-1967; declarations of the legionary movement concerning the fate of the free world and the tragedy of the Rumanian people" 1968
* "Ce este comunismul?" Madrid, Editura Dacia, 1972.
* "Histoire du Mouvement Légionnaire", Rio de Janeiro, 1972 ("The History of the Legionary Movement", Legionary Press, 1995)
* "An interview with Horia Sima, Commander-in-chief, Legion of the Archangel Michael" "Thule of Palermo", 1977
* "The Truth About The Legionary Movement"
* "The Natural World Order"

References

* "Romanian Nationalism: The Legionary Movement" by Alexander E. Ronnett ISBN 0-8294-0232-2 Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1995.
* "The Green Shirts and the Others: A History of Fascism in Hungary and Rumania" by Nicholas M. Nagy-Talavera, 1970 ISBN 973-9432-11-5 & ISBN 0-8179-1851-5
* "Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890" edited by Philip Rees, 1991, ISBN 0-13-089301-3

External links

* [http://hist.academic.claremontmckenna.edu/jpetropoulos/ironguard/leaders.htm Leadership of the Iron Guard]
* [http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/pages/t070/t07084.html Museum of Tolerance entry] of The Simon Wiesenthal Center
* [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=2353 Romanian volunteers in the Waffen-SS] by Marc Rikmenspoel
* [http://www.horiasima.com horiasima.com - Website about Horia Sima] made by the nationalist organization Noua Dreaptă - includes the full text in Romanian of some of Horia Sima's books and articles