Hooliganism

Hooliganism refers to unruly and destructive behaviour. Such behaviour is commonly associated with sports fans, particularly supporters of professional football and university sports. In some countries, the hooligan elements of a group of supporters are known as "Category C". The term can also apply to general rowdy behaviour and vandalism, often under the influence of alcohol or drugs.

Etymology

The term has been used since at least the 1890s, to describe the behaviour of street gangs. The first use of the term is unknown, but it appeared in an 1898 London police report. One theory is that the word came from the name of an Irish hoodlum from Southwark, London named Patrick Hoolihan. [ [http://www.worldwidewords.org/topicalwords/tw-hoo1.htm World Wide Words: Hooligan ] ] [ [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=hooligan Online Etymology Dictionary ] ] There has also been reference made to a 19th century family by that name who lived in rural Ireland, known for their wild lifestyle, resulting in anyone who lived similarly as being referred to as a "hooligan". Another theory is that it came from a street gang in Islington named "Hooley". Yet another theory is that the term is based on an Irish word, "houlie", which means a wild, spirited party. [Rosalind Fergusson, Shorter Slang Dictionary (New York: Routledge, 1994) 113]

Hooliganism as a legal category of criminal offense

Soviet Union and Russia

In the Soviet Union, hooliganism ("хулиганство" huliganstvo) was made a criminal offence under the penal codes of the Soviet republics. Article 213 of the penal code defined hooliganism as "any deliberate behaviour which violates public order and expresses explicit disrespect towards the society." This law was often used by Soviet authorities against political dissidentsFact|date=December 2007. Hooliganism is still covered under the criminal and administrative codes of Russia, and is applicable to persons at least 16 years old. Hooliganism is graded into "Malicious hooliganism" ("злостное хулиганство"), "hooliganism" ("хулиганство"), and "Petty hooliganism" ("мелкое хулиганство"). "Petty hooliganism" is "subject to administrative proceedings" (roughly equivalent to application of the civil law) and classified as roughly equivalent to an infraction. It is mostly applied to minor street disorders and fighting by urban youth. "Malicious hooliganism" is defined as being committed "with extraordinary cynicism, with resistance to law enforcement, with usage of arms or attempt thereof, or committed by a recidivist." [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2035137.stm BBC NEWS | World | Europe | In pictures: Moscow football riot ] ]

Hooliganism as a form of entertainment

Santa Clara University

In the late 1990's the Hooligans were one of the more--if not most--popular student bands at SCU.

References

ee also

* Casuals
* Football hooliganism
* List of hooligan firms
* Torcida
* Ultras
* Yobbo
* Collective Effervescence
* Vandalism
* Skinhead
* Rugby league hooligans
* Juvenile delinquency

Further reading

* "Everywhere We GO - Dougie Brimson"
* "Barmy Army Dougie Brimson"
* "Eurotrashed Dougie Brimson"
* "Kicking Off Dougie Brimson"
* "Rebellion Dougie Brimson"
* "March of the Hooligans Dougie Brimson"
* "Among the Thugs"
* "Red Army General: Leading Britain's Biggest Hooligan Gang"
* "The Family Game: The Untold Story of Hooliganism in Rugby League"
* "Hooliganism: Crime, Culture and Power in St. Petersburg, 1900-14"
* "The Frontline"
* "Ten reasons why there are no hooligans in Great Britain"
* "City Psychos: From the Monte Carlo Mob to the Silver Cod Squad"
* "Flying With the Owls Crime Squad"
* "Blades Business Crew"

Documentaries and films

* "The Football Factory"
* "Green Street Hooligans"
* "The Firm"
* "I.D."

External links

* [http://www.in-mind.org/artikelen/the-night-of-nancy-social-psychology-and-football.html The Night of Nancy: Social Psychology and Football]